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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (3): 415-430    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0007-1
Research article     
Effects of land-use patterns on soil microbial diversity and composition in the Loess Plateau, China
ZHANG Jian, GUO Xiaoqun, SHAN Yujie, LU Xin, CAO Jianjun*()
College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Abstract  

In the Loess Plateau of China, land-use pattern is a major factor in controlling underlying biological processes. Additionally, the process of land-use pattern was accompanied by abandoned lands, potentially impacting soil microbe. However, limited researches were conducted to study the impacts of land-use patterns on the diversity and community of soil microorganisms in this area. The study aimed to investigate soil microbial community diversity and composition using high-throughput deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing under different land-use patterns (apricot tree land, apple tree land, peach tree land, corn land, and abandoned land). The results showed a substantial difference (P<0.050) in bacterial alpha-diversity and beta-diversity between abandoned land and other land-use patterns, with the exception of Shannon index. While fungal beta-diversity was not considerably impacted by land-use patterns, fungal alpha-diversity indices varied significantly. The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota (34.90%), Proteobacteria (20.65%), and Ascomycota (77.42%) varied in soils with different land-use patterns. Soil pH exerted a dominant impact on the soil bacterial communities' composition, whereas soil available phosphorus was the main factor shaping the soil fungal communities' composition. These findings suggest that variations in land-use pattern had resulted in changes to soil properties, subsequently impacting diversity and structure of microbial community in the Loess Plateau. Given the strong interdependence between soil and its microbiota, it is imperative to reclaim abandoned lands to maintain soil fertility and sustain its function, which will have significant ecological service implications, particularly with regards to soil conservation in ecologically vulnerable areas.

Key words： abandoned lands      land-use pattern      soil property      diversity of soil microbe      soil microbial community     
Received: 19 September 2023      Published: 31 March 2024
Corresponding Authors: *CAO Jianjun (E-mail: caojj@nwnu.edu.cn)
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ZHANG Jian, GUO Xiaoqun, SHAN Yujie, LU Xin, CAO Jianjun. Effects of land-use patterns on soil microbial diversity and composition in the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(3): 415-430.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0007-1     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I3/415

Fig. 1 (a), location of the sampling sites; (b), AL (abandoned land); (c), AT (apple land); (d), ATL (apricot land); (e), CL (corn land); (f), PTL (peach land). The abbreviations are the same as in the following figures. Note that the figure 1a is based on the standard map of the Earth Online (https://www.earthol.com/bd/), and the standard map has not been modified.
Soil property AT PTL ATL CL AL
SOC (g/kg) 7.13±0.60a 7.58±1.57a 5.67±0.35a 7.34±1.10a 6.48±1.53a
TN (g/kg) 0.24±0.14b 0.56±0.10a 0.25±0.04b 0.36±0.04ab 0.18±0.04b
TP (g/kg) 0.63±0.13ab 0.31±0.08b 0.99±0.41a 0.19±0.07b 0.40±0.07b
NH4+-N (mg/kg) 2.81±0.37ab 2.69±0.44ab 4.16±0.88a 3.26±0.50ab 2.27±0.38b
NO3--N (mg/kg) 28.24±3.18ab 23.43±4.52bc 11.06±1.24d 33.76±2.76a 18.54±2.88cd
AP (mg/kg) 9.37±0.93bc 11.79±1.70ab 14.06±1.00a 8.97±1.27bc 7.03±0.63c
pH 8.47±0.04a 8.45±0.03ab 8.28±0.12b 8.41±0.03ab 8.55±0.03a
SS (g/kg) 0.06±0.002a 0.06±0.003a 0.09±0.03a 0.07±0.01a 0.05±0.01a
SWC (%) 0.48±0.32a 0.16±0.01a 0.13±0.01a 0.19±0.01a 0.15±0.04a
BD (g/cm3) 1.73±0.03a 1.67±0.01ab 1.72±0.06a 1.65±0.03ab 1.57±0.08b
Table 1 Soil properties among different land-use patterns
Microbe Land-use pattern Good's coverage (%) Chao1 Shannon Sobs
Bacteria AT 0.9612b 4091.90±58.99a 6.6763±0.02a 2857.80±43.07a
PTL 0.9623b 3982.55±137.66a 6.6276±0.05a 2852.20±81.26a
ATL 0.9626b 3906.05±100.82a 6.5571±0.07a 2755.40±83.67a
CL 0.9636b 3898.12±94.33a 6.6394±0.01a 2753.00±34.95a
AL 0.9691a 3311.57±257.73b 6.4621±0.14a 2427.60±170.74b
Fungi AT 0.9979b 500.38±14.10a 4.3488±0.13a 442.80±15.69a
PTL 0.9988a 371.67±30.87b 3.8334±0.28ab 349.40±28.77b
ATL 0.9980b 415.26±26.32b 3.4909±0.31b 365.80±26.67b
CL 0.9979b 414.17±28.91b 3.5820±0.41ab 355.20±28.91b
AL 0.9988a 365.56±28.63b 3.9021±0.23ab 336.20±25.52b
Table 2 Differences in microbial diversity among different land-use patterns
Fig. 2 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of bacteria (a) and fungi (b) among different land-use patterns at the phylum level. R value is the ANOSIM (analysis of similarities) statistic R, and P value is the significance from permutation.
Fig. 3 Relative abundance of dominant bacterial (a and c) and fungal (b and d) communities at the phylum level among different land-use patterns. Different lowercase letters within the same microbe indicate significant differences under different land-use patterns at P<0.050 level.
Fig. 4 Venn diagram represents the operational taxonomic units (OUTs) of bacterial (a) and fungal (b) communities among different land-use patterns
Fig. 5 Cladogram depicting the phylogenetic distribution of bacterial (a) and fungal (b) lineages among different land-use patterns. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score histogram was computed for species with varying abundances in bacterial and fungal communities, and identified using a threshold value of 4.0.
Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis (RDA) for the relationship between bacterial community and environmental variables (a), and between fungal community and environmental variables (b). SOC, soil organic content; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus; AP, available phosphorus; SS, soil salinity; SWC, soil water content, BD, bulk density. The abbreviations are the same as in Figure 7.
Soil property Bacteria Fungi
RDA1 RDA2 R2 P RDA1 RDA2 R2 P
SOC 0.1519 0.9884 0.128 0.203 -0.924 0.3824 0.000 0.998
TN 0.3703 0.9289 0.112 0.273 0.3729 0.9279 0.147 0.203
TP 0.7140 0.7002 0.015 0.780 -0.6587 0.7524 0.200 0.093
NH4+-N 0.9286 -0.3710 0.220 0.067 0.4054 0.9141 0.053 0.563
NO3--N 0.4953 0.8687 0.107 0.310 0.7562 -0.6544 0.038 0.649
AP 0.9982 -0.0603 0.282 0.028* 0.7652 0.6437 0.302 0.020*
pH -0.9334 0.3588 0.654 0.010* -0.6964 -0.7176 0.017 0.804
SS 0.8473 -0.5310 0.430 0.052 -0.2629 0.9648 0.005 0.949
SWC -0.2024 -0.9793 0.213 0.081 0.9142 -0.4052 0.143 0.167
BD 0.8365 0.5480 0.089 0.305 0.9804 -0.1968 0.149 0.175
Table 3 Relationships between soil properties and two axes of redundancy analysis (RDA) for bacterial and fungal communities
Fig. 7 Correlations between bacterial community and soil properties (a) and between fungal community and soil properties (b). *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
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