Soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial composition in natural and artificial forests: Responses to seasonal variations and tree species in a semi-arid forest ecosystem

doi:10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.01.003

Journal of Arid Land

2026, Vol. 18

Issue (1): 167-184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.01.003 CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.20250292

Research article

Soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial composition in natural and artificial forests: Responses to seasonal variations and tree species in a semi-arid forest ecosystem

Karamian MAHNAZ¹, Mirzaei JAVAD¹, Heydari MEHDI¹^,^*(

), Kooch YAHYA², Etesami HASSAN³

¹Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 6939177111, Iran
²Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran 4641776489, Iran
³Department of Soil Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 3158777871, Iran

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Abstract

Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning, significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition, and enhancing soil structure. This research considered the composition and dynamics of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types (native Quercus brantii Lindl. and Amygdalus scoparia Spach, and non-native Pinus eldarica Medw. and Cupressus arizonica Greene.) in Zagros mountain area of Iran. This study involved a comparative analysis of soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial communities in spring (wet season) and summer (dry season) to clarify the effects of seasonal changes and vegetation on the dynamics of soil microorganisms. Soil samples were randomly collected under the canopies of various tree species and a control area, yielding a total of 48 composite samples analyzed for bacterial composition. Results indicated that 11 Gram-negative (e.g., Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, etc.) and 2 Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria were identified, showing significant seasonal variation. Specifically, 53.85% of bacterial species were common to both seasons, with notable shifts in community composition observed between spring and summer, highlighting a higher abundance of Gram-negative species in spring. Bacterial community structure was significantly influenced by vegetation type, with various tree species shaping distinct microbial assemblages. Moreover, Pearson's correlations revealed that soil properties, particularly pH, phosphorus, and moisture content, were critical drivers of bacterial diversity and abundance. Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of soil bacterial communities in response to seasonal and vegetation changes, emphasizing the importance of repeated temporal sampling for accurate assessments of microbial diversity. Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for improving soil management strategies and enhancing ecosystem resilience, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where environmental fluctuations play a pivotal role. This research not only confirms our hypotheses but also enhances our understanding of soil biogeochemical processes and informs future vegetation management practices.

Key words： bacterial abundance soil properties coniferous species deciduous species semi-arid Zagros forests

Received: 26 June 2025 Published: 31 January 2026

Corresponding Authors: ^*Heydari MEHDI (E-mail: m.heidari@ilam.ac.ir)

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Cite this article:

Karamian MAHNAZ, Mirzaei JAVAD, Heydari MEHDI, Kooch YAHYA, Etesami HASSAN. Soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial composition in natural and artificial forests: Responses to seasonal variations and tree species in a semi-arid forest ecosystem. Journal of Arid Land, 2026, 18(1): 167-184.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.01.003 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2026/V18/I1/167

Fig. 1 Venn diagram illustrates the distribution of bacterial species between spring and summer seasons. Cit.fre, Citrobacter freundii; Ent.clo, Enterobacter cloacae; Esc.col, Escherichia coli; Kle.oxy, Klebsiella oxytoca; Kle.pne, Klebsiella pneumoniae; Sta.aur, Staphylococcus aureus; Sta.epi, Staphylococcus epidermidis; Cit.div, Citrobacter diversus; Pse.aer, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ser.mar, Serratia marcesense; Shi.son, Shigela sonnei; Yer.ent, Yersinia enterocolitica; Ent.aer, Enterobacter aeruginosa.

Fig. 2 Relative abundance of identified Gram-negative (a) and Gram-positive (b) bacterial species in spring and summer seasons

Fig. 3 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) of dominant bacterial species in spring (a) and summer (b) seasons

Table 1 Goodness of fit in spring and summer

Fig. 4 Heatmap illustrating the hierarchical clustering of dominant bacterial species identified in samples of woody plant species in spring (a) and summer (b) seasons. CUP, Cupressus arizonica Greene.; AMP, Amygdalus scoparia Spach plantation; AMN, A. scoparia natural standard tree; QNC, Quercus brantii Lindl. natural coppice; QP, Q. brantii plantation; QNS, Q. brantii natural standard tree; PIN, Pinus eldarica Medw.; CK, control.

Fig. 5 Pearson's correlation heatmap illustrating the relationships between soil properties (physical, chemical, and biological) and the abundance of dominant bacterial species in spring (a) and summer (b) seasons. EC, electrical conductivity; P, phosphorous; TN, total nitrogen; SOC, soil organic carbon; SWC, soil water content; BD, bulk density; q_mic, microbial quotient; qCO₂, metabolic quotient; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorous; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen; MBC, microbial biomass carbon; SIR, substrate-induced respiration; BR, basal respiration. *, P<0.05 level; **, P<0.01 level.

Table S1 Soil properties of woody in spring and summer seasons


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