| Research article |
|
|
|
|
| Application of a new wind driving force model in soil wind erosion area of northern China |
ZOU Xueyong1,*( ), LI Huiru1, LIU Wei2, WANG Jingpu3, CHENG Hong1, WU Xiaoxu4, ZHANG Chunlai1, KANG Liqiang1 |
1 State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology/MOE Engineering Research Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2 School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
3 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
4 College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China |
|
|
|
Abstract The shear stress generated by the wind on the land surface is the driving force that results in the wind erosion of the soil. It is an independent factor influencing soil wind erosion. The factors related to wind erosivity, known as submodels, mainly include the weather factor (WF) in revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ), the erosion submodel (ES) in wind erosion prediction system (WEPS), as well as the drift potential (DP) in wind energy environmental assessment. However, the essential factors of WF and ES contain wind, soil characteristics and surface coverings, which therefore results in the interdependence between WF or ES and other factors (e.g., soil erodible factor) in soil erosion models. Considering that DP is a relative indicator of the wind energy environment and does not have the value of expressing wind to induce shear stress on the surface. Therefore, a new factor is needed to express accurately wind erosivity. Based on the theoretical basis that the soil loss by wind erosion (Q) is proportional to the shear stress of the wind on the soil surface, a new model of wind driving force (WDF) was established, which expresses the potential capacity of wind to drive soil mass in per unit area and a period of time. Through the calculations in the typical area, the WDF, WF and DP are compared and analyzed from the theoretical basis, construction goal, problem-solving ability and typical area application; the spatial distribution of soil wind erosion intensity was concurrently compared with the spatial distributions of the WDF, WF and DP values in the typical area. The results indicate that the WDF is better to reflect the potential capacity of wind erosivity than WF and DP, and that the WDF model is a good model with universal applicability and can be logically incorporated into the soil wind erosion models.
|
|
Received: 28 October 2019
Published: 10 May 2020
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
|
| About author: *Corresponding author: ZOU Xueyong (E-mail: zouxy@bnu.edu.cn) |
|
|
| [1] |
Anderson R S, Haff P K.1988. Simulation of eolian saltation. Science, 241(4867): 820-823.
doi: 10.1126/science.241.4867.820
|
|
|
| [2] |
Andreotti B.2004. A two-species model of aeolian sand transport. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 510: 47-70.
doi: 10.1017/S0022112004009073
|
|
|
| [3] |
Bagnold R A.1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. London: Methuen Company, 1-265.
|
|
|
| [4] |
Butterfield G R.1991. Grain transport rates in steady and unsteady turbulent airflows. Acta Mechanica, (Suppl. 1): 97-122.
|
|
|
| [5] |
Butterfield G R.1998. Transitional behaviour of saltation: wind tunnel observations of unsteady wind. Journal of Arid Environment, 39(3): 377-394.
doi: 10.1006/jare.1997.0367
|
|
|
| [6] |
Butterfield G R.1999. Application of thermal anemometry and high-frequency measurement of mass flux to aeolian sediment transport research. Geomorphology, 29(1-2): 31-58.
doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00005-7
|
|
|
| [7] |
Cheng H, Zou X, Zhang C.2007. A study of the number of sand grains lifting off per unit time and per unit sand bed area. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112(D15), doi: 10.1029/2006JD007641.
|
|
|
| [8] |
Cheng T, Cheng W.1980. The Methods of Determination and Calculation of Evaporation and Evaporation Forces in Farmland. Geographical Symposium, No. 12. Beijing: Science Press, 74-83. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [9] |
Chepil W S.1945. Dynamics of wind erosion: I. Nature of movement of soil by wind. Soil Science, 60(4): 305-320.
doi: 10.1097/00010694-194510000-00004
|
|
|
| [10] |
Dai A, Deser C.1999. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in global surface wind and divergence fields. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 104(D24): 31109-31125.
doi: 10.1029/1999JD900927
|
|
|
| [11] |
Dong Y, Kang G.1994. Study on the wind erosion climatic erosivity in arid and semi-arid areas in China. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 8(3): 1-7. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [12] |
Dong Z, Wang X, Zhao A, et al.2001. Aerodynamic roughness of fixed sandy beds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B6): 11001-11011.
|
|
|
| [13] |
Durán O, Herrmann H.2006. Modelling of saturated sand flux. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, (7): P07011. doi: 10.1088/1742-5468/2006/07/P07011.
|
|
|
| [14] |
Durán O, Claudin P, Andreotti B.2011. On aeolian transport: Grain-scale interactions, dynamical mechanisms and scaling laws. Aeolian Research, 3(3): 243-270.
doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.07.006
|
|
|
| [15] |
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation), UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization). 1979. A provisional methodology for soil degradation assessment. Rome: FAO, 1-84.
|
|
|
| [16] |
Fryberger S G, Dean G.1979. Dune forms and wind regime. In: McKee E D. A Study of Global Sand Seas. Washington: Geological Survey and United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 137-169.
|
|
|
| [17] |
Fryrear D W, Saleh A, Bilbro J D, et al.1998. Revised Wind erosion equation. In: Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Technical Bulletin No. 1, 1-175.
|
|
|
| [18] |
Fryrear D W, Bilbro J D, Saleh A, et al.2000. RWEQ: improved wind erosion technology. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 55(2): 183-189.
|
|
|
| [19] |
Hagen L J, Wagner L E, Tatarko J.1996. Wind erosion prediction system (WEPS). Technical Documentation. Wind Erosion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 213-216.
|
|
|
| [20] |
Kendall M G, Gibbons J D.1990. Rank Correlation Methods (5th ed.). London: Edward Arnold, 1-260.
|
|
|
| [21] |
Lettau K, Lettau H.1978. Experimental and micrometeorological field studies of dune migration. In: Lettau K, Lettau H. Exploring the World's Driest Climate. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 110-147.
|
|
|
| [22] |
Liu X, Dong Z, Wang X.2003. Aerodynamic roughness of fixed sandy beds. Journal of Desert Research, 23(2): 111-117. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [23] |
Mann H B.1945. Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 13(3): 245-259
doi: 10.2307/1907187
|
|
|
| [24] |
Martin R L, Barchyn T E, Hugenholtz C H, et al.2013. Timescale dependence of aeolian sand flux observations under atmospheric turbulence. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(6): 9078-9092.
doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50687
|
|
|
| [25] |
Martin R L, Kok J F.2017. Wind-invariant saltation heights imply linear scaling of aeolian saltation flux with shear stress. Science Advances, 3(6): e1602569. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602569.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602569
|
|
|
| [26] |
Mayaud J R, Bailey R M, Wiggs G F S, et al.2017. Modelling aeolian sand transport using a dynamic mass balancing approach. Geomorphology, 280: 108-121.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.12.006
|
|
|
| [27] |
Ministry of Water Resources of China, National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2013. Bulletin of First National Census for Water (bilingual version in Chinese and English). Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 1-20.
|
|
|
| [28] |
Niu C H.2017. Census Report on Soil and Water Conservation. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 213-218. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [29] |
Pearce K I, Walker I J.2005. Frequency and magnitude biases in the “Fryberger” model, with implications for characterizing geomorphically effective winds. Geomorphology, 68(1-2): 39-55.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.09.030
|
|
|
| [30] |
Raupach M R .1992. Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 60: 375-395.
doi: 10.1007/BF00155203
|
|
|
| [31] |
Raupach M R, Gillette D A, Leys J F.1993. The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion threshold. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 98(D2): 3023-3029.
doi: 10.1029/92JD01922
|
|
|
| [32] |
Raupach M R, Hughes D E, Cleugh H A.2006. Momentum absorption in rough-wall boundary layers with sparse roughness elements in random and clustered distributions. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 120: 201-218.
doi: 10.1007/s10546-006-9058-4
|
|
|
| [33] |
Sauermann G, Kroy K, Herrmann H J.2001. Continuum saltation model for sand dunes. Physical Review E, 64(3): 031305. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.64.031305.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.64.031305
|
|
|
| [34] |
Shang H, Yin Z, Zhang P, et al.2017. Characteristics of wind velocity fluctuation over Gobi underlying surface. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 4(1): 123-128. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [35] |
Skidmore E L.1986. Wind erosion climatic erosivity. Climatic Change, 9: 195-208.
doi: 10.1007/BF00140536
|
|
|
| [36] |
The Office of the First National Water Resources Census Leading Group of the State Council. 2010. The Sixth Volume of Training Hand Book of the First National Census for Water: The Survey of Soil and Water Conservation. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 94-118. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [37] |
Udo K.2016. Wind turbulence effects on dune sand transport. Journal of Coastal Research, 75(Suppl.1): 333-337.
doi: 10.2112/SI75-067.1
|
|
|
| [38] |
Walter B, Gromke C, Lehning M.2012. Shear-stress partitioning in live plant canopies and modifications to Raupach's model. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 144: 217-241.
doi: 10.1007/s10546-012-9719-4
|
|
|
| [39] |
Wang B.1984. Discussion on the variation of annual average pressure with altitude in plateau area of China. Automobile Technology, (1): 10-16. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [40] |
Wang P, Zheng X.2013. Fluctuating of wind-blown sand flux in field wind condition. Journal of Desert Research, 33(6): 1622-1628. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00241
|
|
|
| [41] |
Woodruff N, Siddoway F H.1965. A wind erosion equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 29(5): 602-608.
doi: 10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900050035x
|
|
|
| [42] |
Yuan Y, Yin S, Xie Y, et al.2018. Temporal and spatial characteristics of diurnal variations of wind speed in wind erosion areas over China. Arid Land Geography, 41(3): 480-487. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [43] |
Zhang C, Song C, Wang Z, et al.2018. Review and prospect of the study on soil wind erosion process. Advances in Earth Science, 33(1): 27-41. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
| [44] |
Zingg A W.1953. Wind tunnel studies of the movement of sedimentary material. In: Proceedings of the 5th Hydraulic Conference, Iowa City: Iowa Institute of Hydraulic, 111-135.
|
|
|
| [45] |
Zou X, Zhang C, Cheng H, et al.2014. Classification and representation of factors affecting soil wind erosion in a model. Advances in Earth Science, 29(8): 875-889. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2014.08.0875
|
|
|
| [46] |
Zou X, Zhang C, Cheng H, et al.2015. Cogitation on developing a dynamic model of soil wind erosion. Science China: Earth Sciences, 58(3): 462-473.
doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-5002-5
|
|
|
| [47] |
Zou X, Zhang M, Zhang C, et al.2019. Response of aeolian flux to soil particle properties and airflow turbulence fluctuation. Advances in Earth Science, 34(8): 787-800. (in Chinese)
|
|
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
