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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2021, Vol. 13 Issue (9): 962-976    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0018-0     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-021-0018-0
Research article     
Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates
Teresa NAVARRO1,*(), Hatem A SHABANA2,3, Ali EL-KEBLAWY4,5, Noelia HIDALGO-TRIANA1
1Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga 29080, Spain
2Sharjah Seed Bank and Herbarium, Sharjah Research Academy, Sharjah 60999, United Arab Emirates
3Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo 11728, Egypt
4Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
5Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Arish University 45511, Egypt
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Abstract  

The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants. However, research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is lacking. This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form, habit, spatial dispersal, antitelechoric mechanism, and seed release time. The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis (NLPCA). Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded (15.0% of 307 studied species) and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family (17.4%). Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants (73.9%) with spatial restricted dispersal (67.4%), which released seed in the dry season (45.7%). The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy (28.3%). All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits, while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy. Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species (54.3%), whereas salt flats had the lowest (23.9%). In the desert of the UAE, delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season, thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season. This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.

Key words： Arabian desert      delayed dispersal      restricted dispersal      persistent fruits      seed release time      myxospermy      synaptospermy     
Received: 01 June 2021      Published: 10 September 2021
Corresponding Authors: *Teresa NAVARRO (E-mail: tnavarro@uma.es)
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Teresa NAVARRO
Hatem A SHABANA
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Noelia HIDALGO-TRIANA
Cite this article:

Teresa NAVARRO, Hatem A SHABANA, Ali EL-KEBLAWY, Noelia HIDALGO-TRIANA. Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(9): 962-976.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0018-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I9/962

Fig. 1 Ordination plot of the 46 delayed seed dispersal species using Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis (NLPCA)
Trait Component
1 2
Growth form -0.177 0.616
Plant habit 0.277 -0.509
Seed release time -0.178 0.078
Spatial dispersal -0.541 -0.035
Myxospermy -0.347 0.387
Synaptospermy -0.742 -0.010
Trypanocarpy -0.187 -0.007
Active total 3.125 2.095
Percentage of variance (%) 39.058 26.183
Table 1 Seven studied traits on the first two components of NLPCA
Trait Plant habit Seed release
time		 Growth form Spatial dispersal Trait Plant habitat Seed release time
Plant habit 1.000
Seed release time -0.393* 1.000
Growth form -0.233* -0.093 1.000
Spatial dispersal -0.206 0.097 -0.192 1.000
Myxospermy -0.620*** 0.275 0.223 0.349* 1.000
Synaptospermy -0.292 0.143 -0.199 0.668*** 0.404** 1.000
Trypanocarpy -0.082 0.161 -0.112 0.176 0.139 0.345* 1.000
Eigenvalue 1.829 1.013 0.888 0.500 0.356 0.342 0.134
Table 2 Pearson correlations among studied traits
Fig. 2 Number of species in different spatial dispersal patterns and groups of delayed seed dispersal species
Fig. 3 Number of species in different growth form and groups of delayed seed dispersal species
Fig. 4 Number of species in different plant habits and groups of delayed seed dispersal species
Group of seed dispersal species Myxospermy Synaptospermy Trypanocarpy Overall
Basicarpic species 5 2 1 10
Gradually open capsules species 3 1 0 10
Species with persistent fruits 0 13 2 13
Species with persistent lignified fruits 2 1 0 10
Total 10 17 3 43
χ2 9.558 31.407
P <0.050 <0.001
Table 3 Relationships between groups of delayed seed dispersal species and antitelochoric mechanisms
Fig. 5 Number of species in different types of habitats and groups of delayed seed dispersal species groups
Family or species Habitat Group of species Plant habit Growth form Seed storage time (month) Seed release time Spatial dispersal S T M
Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt GP, M, SS Species with persistent lignified fruits SB PE 7 Rainy RSD A A P
Aizoaceae
Aizoon canariense L. GP, M, SS Basicarpic species SB AN 9 Rainy RSD A A P
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. SF Basicarpic species PO AN 9 Rainy & Dry RSD A A P
Amaranthaceae
Aerva javanica Juss. GP, M, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 10 Rainy & Dry DAV P A A
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) K.Koch SF Gradually open capsules species ER PE 7 Dry RSD A A A
Halocnemum strobilaceum M.Bieb SF Gradually open capsules species ER PE 7 Rainy RSD A A A
Halopeplis perfoliata Bunge ex Schweinf. & Asch SF Gradually open capsules species ER PE 10 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary SF, SS Gradually open capsules species ER AN 7 Rainy RSD A A A
Asclepiadaceae
Glossonema varans Benth. ex Hook.f.
GP		 Gradually open capsules species
ER
PE
6
Rainy & Dry
DAV
P
A
A
Asteraceae
Anvillea garcinii DC. SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER PE 8 Rainy & Dry RSD A A P
Brassicaceae
Anastatica hierochuntica L. SS Basiocarpic species SB AN 9 Rainy RSD A A P
Morettia parviflora Boiss. GP, M, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry RSD P A A
Zilla spinosa Prant GP, M, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry DAV P P A
Caryophyllaceae
Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss.		 M, SF, SS Basicarpic species PO AN
9		 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. GP, SS Basicarpic species PO PE 7 Dry RSD A A P
Cucumis prophetarum L. GP, M Basicarpic species PO PE 7 Dry RSD A A P
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia larica Boiss. GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry RSD P A A

To be continued
Continued
Family or species Habitat Group of species Plant habit Growth form Seed storage time (month) Seed release time Spatial dispersal S T M
Ricinus communis L. SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 8 Rainy & Dry RSD P A A
Fabaceae
Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spac GP, SS Species with persistent fruits PO PE 6 Dry DBV P A A
Indigofera argentea Burm. f. GP, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 11 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Indigofera caerulea Roxb. GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 6 Rainy DBV P A A
Indigofera intricata Boiss. SS Species with persistent fruits PO PE 11 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk GP, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 6 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Medicago laciniata Mill. GP, M Basicarpic species PO AN 8 Dry DBV P P A
Trigonella hamosa L. SS Basicarpic species PO AN 10 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Trigonella stellata Forssk. GP, M Basicarpic species PO AN 8 Dry RSD A A A
Juncaceae
Juncus rigidus Desf. SF Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 9 Dry RSD A A A
Juncus socotranus (Buchenau) Snogerup SF Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 7 Dry RSD A A A
Lamiaceae
Salvia aegyptiaca L. GP, M Gradually open capsules species ER PE 8 Dry RSD A A P
Salvia spinosa L. M Gradually open capsules species SB PE 6 Rainy RSD A A P
Liliaceae
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. GP, M, SS Gradually open capsules species SB PE 7 Dry RSD A A A
Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermis L.
M, SS		 Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry RSD P A A
Malvaceae
Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr. M Species with schizocarpic fruits ER PE 8 Dry DAV A A A
Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl. GP, M Species with schizocarpic fruits ER PE 8 Dry DAV A A A
To be continued
Continued
Family or species Habitat Group of species Plant habit Growth form Seed storage time (month) Seed release time Spatial dispersal S T M
Malva parviflora L. SS Species with schizocarpic fruits ER AN 7 Dry DAV A A A
Plantago ovata Forssk. M, SS Gradually open capsules species SB AN 7 Rainy & Dry RSD A A P
Poaceae
Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites SF Retain fruits in dried plants ER GR 9 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Cenchrus ciliaris L. GP, SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 8 Rainy DAV P A A
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. GP Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 7 Rainy RSD A A A
Sporobolus ioclados Nees SF Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 8 Dry RSD A A A
Sporobolus spicatus Kunth SF, SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 9 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Polygonaceae
Rumex dentatus L. SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER AN 6 Dry RSD A A A
Resedaceae
Ochradenus arabicus Chaudhary, Hillc. & A. G. Mill. M, SS Gradually open capsules species ER PE 6 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia deserti Delile GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 6 Dry RSD P P A
Solanaceae
Solanum incanum L. GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry DBV P A A
Tiliaceae
Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks GP, SS Basicarpic species PO PE 6 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Table S1 Species with delayed seed dispersal in desert of the UAE
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