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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (10): 1216-1230    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0029-0
Research article     
Nutrient coordination mechanism of tiger nut induced by rhizosphere soil nutrient variation in an arid area, China
TAN Jin, WU Xiuqin(), LI Yaning, SHI Jieyu, LI Xu
School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Abstract  

Tiger nut is a bioenergy crop planted in arid areas of northern China to supply oil and adjust the planting structure. However, in the western region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, less water resources have resulted in a scarcity of available farmland, which has posed a huge obstacle to planting tiger nut. Cultivation of tiger nut on marginal land can effectively solve this problem. To fully unlock the production potential of tiger nut on marginal land, it is crucial for managers to have comprehensive information on the adaptive mechanism and nutrient requirement of tiger nut in different growth periods. This study aims to explore these key information from the perspective of nutrient coordination strategy of tiger nut in different growth periods and their relationship with rhizosphere soil nutrients. Three fertilization treatments including no fertilization (N:P (nitrogen:phosphorous)=0:0), traditional fertilization (N:P=15:15), and additional N fertilizer (N:P=60:15)) were implemented on marginal land in the Dengkou County. Plant and soil samples were collected in three growth periods, including stolon tillering period, tuber expanding period, and tuber mature period. Under no fertilization, there was a significant correlation between N and P contents of tiger nut roots and tubers and the same nutrients in the rhizosphere soil (P<0.05). Carbon (C), N, and P contents of roots were significantly higher than those of leaves (P<0.05), and the C:N ratio of all organs was higher than those under other treatments before tuber maturity (P<0.05). Under traditional fertilization, there was a significant impact on the P content of tiger nut tubers (P<0.05). Under additional N fertilizer, the accumulation rate of N and P was faster in stolons than in tubers (P<0.05) with lower N:P ratio in stolons during the tuber expansion period (P<0.05), but higher N:P ratio in tubers (P<0.05). The limited availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere soil prompts tiger nut to increase the C:N ratio, improving N utilization efficiency, and maintaining N:P ratio in tubers. Elevated N levels in the rhizosphere soil decrease the C:N ratio of tiger nut organs and N:P ratio in stolons, promoting rapid stolon growth and shoot production. Supplementary P is necessary during tuber expansion, while a higher proportion of N in fertilizers is crucial for the aboveground biomass production of tiger nut.

Key words： tiger nut      stoichiometry      rhizosphere soil      nitrogen addition      marginal land     
Received: 12 June 2023      Published: 31 October 2023
Corresponding Authors: *WU Xiuqin (E-mail: wuxq@bjfu.edu.cn)
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TAN Jin
WU Xiuqin
LI Yaning
SHI Jieyu
LI Xu
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TAN Jin, WU Xiuqin, LI Yaning, SHI Jieyu, LI Xu. Nutrient coordination mechanism of tiger nut induced by rhizosphere soil nutrient variation in an arid area, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(10): 1216-1230.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0029-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I10/1216

Fig. 1 Tiger nut planting (a) in the Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, sampling (b), and mature plant (c)
Fig. 2 Planting preparation, investigated periods, sampling method (a), and three treatments (b). Three 5 m×5 m quadrats were randomly set in each treatment, then three 1 m×1 m plots were randomly set in each quadrat. N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus.
Parameter Growth period Additional N fertilizer Traditional fertilization No fertilization
Average plant height (cm) STP 30.81±6.75a 31.67±7.33a 32.19±10.52a
TEP 43.04±6.97a 37.41±4.36b 33.74±9.11b
TMP 34.93±7.41a 29.00±5.76b 27.78±5.32b
Average crown width per plant (cm) STP 26.48±8.75a 28.63±9.09a 29.33±10.39a
TEP 37.74±6.91a 33.70±10.74a 30.93±10.73b
TMP 36.74±8.35a 32.04±8.68b 28.33±6.27b
Average dry biomass of leaf per plant (g) STP 1.76±0.93a 1.84±1.04a 1.71±1.21a
TEP 3.05±0.83a 2.76±0.83a 2.67±1.19a
TMP 1.66±0.60a 1.34±0.53b 1.15±0.53b
Average dry biomass of root per plant (g) STP 0.63±0.39a 0.57±0.32a 0.63±0.33a
TEP 1.06±0.74a 1.19±0.77a 1.12±0.63a
TMP 0.81±0.28a 0.74±0.30ab 0.61±0.24b
Average dry biomass of stolon per plant (g) STP 0.049±0.039a 0.040±0.020a 0.049±0.044a
TEP 0.089±0.040a 0.103±0.049a 0.096±0.041a
TMP 0.060±0.036a 0.043±0.016b 0.044±0.029b
Average dry biomass of tuber per plant (g) TEP 0.74±0.28c 0.98±0.56b 1.51±0.99a
TMP 1.31±0.39c 2.69±1.38a 2.12±1.15b
Number of tiger nuts per square meter TMP 144.56±21.29a 120.11±23.85b 10.33±2.35c
Table 1 Growth performance of tiger nut under different growth periods and treatments
Fig. 3 Carbon (a1-a3), nitrogen (b1-b3), and phosphorus (c1-c3) contents in tiger nut organs under different growth periods and treatments. Different uppercase letters within the same treatment indicate significant differences among different periods at P<0.05 level, while different lowercase letters within the same period indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level. Boxes indicate the IQR (interquartile range, 75th to 25th of the data). The median value is shown as a line within the box. Cross symbol is shown as mean. Lines extend to the most extreme value within 1.5×IQR. Signs are the same in Figures 6 and 7. LCC, leaf carbon content; RCC, root carbon content; SCC, stolon carbon content; TCC, tuber carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; RNC, root nitrogen content; SNC, stolon nitrogen content; TNC, tuber nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; RPC, root phosphorus content; SPC, stolon phosphorus content; TPC, tuber phosphorus content; STP, stolon tillering period; TEP, tuber expanding period; TMP, tuber mature period.
Fig. 4 Allometric relationship of nutrient element contents between leaf and root. (a), relationship between LCC (leaf carbon content) and RCC (root carbon content); (b), relationship between LNC (leaf nitrogen content) and RNC (root nitrogen content); (c), relationship between LPC (leaf phosphorus content) and RPC (root phosphorus content).
Fig. 5 Allometric relationship of nutrient elements content between stolon and tuber. (a), relationship between SCC (stolon carbon content) and TCC (tuber carbon content); (b), relationship between SNC (stolon nitrogen content) and TNC (tuber nitrogen content); (c), relationship between SPC (stolon phosphorus content) and TPC (tuber phosphorus content). TEP, tuber expanding period; TMP, tuber mature period.
Fig. 6 C:N ratio (a-c) and N:P ratio (d-f) in tiger nut organs under different growth periods and treatments. Different lowercase letters within the same treatment indicate significant differences among different periods at P<0.05 level, while different lowercase letters within the same period indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level. LCC, leaf carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content ;RCC, root carbon content; RNC, root nitrogen content; SCC, stolon carbon content; SNC, stolon nitrogen content; TCC, tuber carbon content; TNC, tuber nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; RPC, root phosphorus content; SPC, stolon phosphorus content; TPC, tuber phosphorus content. STP, stolon tillering period; TEP, tuber expanding period; TMP, tuber mature period.
Fig. 7 Variations in rhizosphere soil nutrients under different treatments. (a), OMR (organic matter in rhizosphere soil); (b), TNR (total nitrogen in rhizosphere soil); (c), TPR (total phosphorus in rhizosphere soil); (d), ANR (available nitrogen in rhizosphere soil); (e), APR (available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil). Different lowercase letters within the same treatment indicate significant differences among different periods at P<0.05 level, while different lowercase letters within the same period indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level. STP, stolon tillering period; TEP, tuber expanding period; TMP, tuber mature period.
Fig. 8 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of stoichiometric characteristics of tiger nut and rhizosphere soil nutrients under different growth periods and treatments. (a), stolon tillering period; (b), tuber expanding period; (c), tuber mature period. ** indicates the rhizosphere soil nutrients were significantly correlated to stoichiometric characteristics of tiger nut under different treatments at P<0.01 level. ANR, available nitrogen in rhizosphere soil; APR, available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil; TNR, total nitrogen in rhizosphere soil; TPR, total phosphorus in rhizosphere soil; OMR, organic matter in rhizosphere soil.
Fig. 9 Correlations between rhizosphere soil nutrients and stoichiometric characteristics of tiger nut. (a1-a3), additional N fertilizer; (b1-b3), traditional fertilization; (c1-c3), no fertilization. Only relationships with significant correlation (P<0.05) were shown in the figure. OMR, organic matter in rhizosphere soil; TNR, total nitrogen in rhizosphere soil; TPR, total phosphorus in rhizosphere soil; ANR, available nitrogen in rhizosphere soil; APR, available phosphorus in rhizosphere soil; LCC, leaf carbon content; RCC, root carbon content; SCC, stolon carbon content; TCC, tuber carbon content; LNC, leaf nitrogen content; RNC, root nitrogen content; SNC, stolon nitrogen content; TNC, tuber nitrogen content; LPC, leaf phosphorus content; RPC, root phosphorus content; SPC, stolon phosphorus content; TPC, tuber phosphorus content; STP, stolon tillering period; TEP, tuber expanding period; TMP, tuber mature period.
Fig. 10 Brief schematic diagram of nutrient coordination mechanism of tiger nut induced by rhizosphere soil nutrient variation
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