Windbreak and sand-fixing effects of typical nebkhas in the Yabrai Mountain aeolian corridor

doi:10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.05.011

Journal of Arid Land

2026, Vol. 18

Issue (7): 1159-1178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.05.011

Research article

Windbreak and sand-fixing effects of typical nebkhas in the Yabrai Mountain aeolian corridor

LI Xiaoyang¹^,², MENG Zhongju¹^,²^,^*(

)

¹ College of Desert Control Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
² State Key Laboratory of Water Engineering Ecology and Environment in Arid Area, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China

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Abstract

Nebkhas are important aeolian landforms in arid regions and have notable windbreak and sand-fixing functions. However, the effects of shrub type and developmental stage on nebkha performance in high-wind energy regions remain insufficiently understood. This study quantified the windbreak and sand-fixing effects of three typical nebkha types (i.e., nebkhas formed by Reaumuria soongorica, Caragana tibetica, and Nitraria tangutorum) at different developmental stages (i.e., initial, developing, stable, and activated stages) in the Yabrai Mountain aeolian corridor, a high-wind energy region in China. Field sampling was carried out in three subregions along the prevailing wind direction (upwind, central sand-transport, and downwind) in March and November 2025. Particle-size analysis was conducted to characterize the differentiation of surface aeolian sediments, and field measurements combined with numerical simulations were used to analyze wind-speed profiles, windbreak efficiency, and airflow structure. The results showed that surface sediments on the windward slope and mound crest were dominated by clay and silt, whereas higher sand fractions occurred on the leeward and lateral slopes. The mean particle size followed the order: N. tangutorum (2.27 Φ)<C. tibetica (2.30 Φ)<R. soongorica (2.37 Φ). Windbreak and sand-fixing effects ranked as stable stage>activated stage>developing stage>initial stage, with N. tangutorum nebkhas showing the strongest performance. When airflow passed over the nebkhas, wind speed increased above the canopy and along the lateral slopes; at the same time, a pronounced leeward deceleration zone formed within normalized horizontal distance (x/L) of 0-6 and relative height (z/H) of 0.0-0.5, where x is the horizontal distance, z is the vertical height, and L and H denote the shrub canopy major axis and shrub canopy height, respectively. Wind speed increased with z/H and x/L in the leeward direction and approached the reference wind speed over bare ground at z/H>1.2. Similar airflow patterns were observed among nebkha types. Prioritising N. tangutorum, combined with C. tibetica, and maintaining suitable developmental stages can enhance windbreak and sand-fixing performance in high-wind energy regions. These findings provide a scientific reference for constructing stable and efficient ecological protection systems in extreme wind environments, and support sand-control planning and vegetation configuration in arid and semi-arid areas.

Key words： nebkha shrub type developmental stage particle-size analysis Yabrai Mountain aeolian corridor

Received: 01 December 2025 Published: 31 July 2026

Corresponding Authors: ^*MENG Zhongju (E-mail: mengzhongju@126.com)

About author: First author contact:Author contributions

Conceptualization: LI Xiaoyang, MENG Zhongju; Data curation: LI Xiaoyang; Formal analysis: LI Xiaoyang; Funding acquisition: MENG Zhongju; Investigation: LI Xiaoyang; Methodology: LI Xiaoyang, MENG Zhongju; Project administration: MENG Zhongju; Resources: MENG Zhongju; Software: LI Xiaoyang; Supervision: MENG Zhongju; Validation: LI Xiaoyang, MENG Zhongju; Visualization: LI Xiaoyang; Writing - original draft preparation: LI Xiaoyang; Writing - review and editing: MENG Zhongju. All authors approved the manuscript.

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Cite this article:

LI Xiaoyang, MENG Zhongju. Windbreak and sand-fixing effects of typical nebkhas in the Yabrai Mountain aeolian corridor. Journal of Arid Land, 2026, 18(7): 1159-1178.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.05.011 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2026/V18/I7/1159

Fig. 1 Overview of the study area based on the satellite imagery. The satellite imagery is derived from the Google Earth (https://earth.google.com/).

Table 1 Criteria for classifying developmental stages of typical nebkhas

Fig. 2 Layout of wind speed observation around each nebkha. (a), main view; (b), vertical wind speed measurement; (c), top view; (d), horizontal wind speed measurement. The geometric centre of the shrub was taken as the coordinate origin; x is the horizontal distance along the prevailing wind direction; y is the horizontal distance perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction; z is the vertical height; L is the shrub canopy major axis; W is the shrub canopy minor axis; and H is the shrub canopy height.

Table 2 Morphological parameters of typical nebkhas

Sample type	SP	Clay (%)	Silt (%)	Very fine sand (%)	Fine sand (%)	Medium sand (%)	Coarse sand (%)
R. soongorica (0-10 cm)	WS	0.02±0.00^DEa	0.73±0.03^Da	2.20±0.03^Fb	53.28±0.19^Eb	43.17±0.23^Bc	0.61±0.01^Bb
	LS	0.01±0.00^Eb	0.28±0.02^Db	1.85±0.02^Gc	52.89±0.16^Gb	44.35±0.17^Bb	0.62±0.02^Bb
	MC	0.01±0.00^Cb	0.28±0.01^Eb	2.30±0.02^Ha	54.89±0.21^Fa	42.00±0.23^Ad	0.52±0.02^Ac
	LS	0.01±0.00^Db	0.23±0.01^Cb	1.48±0.01^Ed	49.83±0.05^Fc	47.53±0.06^Aa	0.93±0.01^Aa
R. soongorica (10-20 cm)	WS	0.02±0.00^Ea	0.71±0.06^Da	4.56±0.10^Ca	61.74±0.36^Da	32.81±0.46^Cc	0.16±0.01^Cbc
	LS	0.01±0.00^DEa	0.37±0.02^Db	2.14±0.03^Fc	53.67±0.23^Fc	43.22±0.26^Ca	0.59±0.02^Ba
	MC	0.02±0.00^Ca	0.48±0.03^Cb	4.62±0.10^Ea	62.49±0.37^Da	32.27±0.48^Cc	0.15±0.01^Cc
	LS	0.01±0.00^BCDa	0.38±0.03^Cb	3.29±0.03^CDb	60.30±0.17^Db	35.83±0.21^Cb	0.19±0.01^Cb
R. soongorica (20-30 cm)	WS	0.01±0.00^Ea	0.30±0.01^Dbc	1.81±0.03^Gc	51.02±0.25^Fc	46.01±0.26^Aa	0.84±0.03^Aa
	LS	0.01±0.00^Da	0.25±0.01^Dc	1.66±0.03^Gd	50.72±0.30^Hc	46.54±0.32^Aa	0.83±0.03^Aa
	MC	0.01±0.00^Ca	0.37±0.03^Da	2.58±0.07^Gb	55.65±0.37^Fb	40.91±0.41^Ab	0.47±0.03^Ab
	LS	0.01±0.00^CDa	0.33±0.02^Cab	3.04±0.02^Da	58.34±0.14^Ea	37.99±0.16^Bc	0.29±0.01^Bc
C. tibetica (0-10 cm)	WS	0.10±0.01^Ba	2.28±0.15^Ba	6.62±0.10^Aa	67.92±0.14^Ab	23.05±0.35^Hc	0.02±0.00^Fb
	LS	0.05±0.01^BCc	0.59±0.03^Cc	4.66±0.05^Dd	65.87±0.22^Cc	28.77±0.27^Ea	0.06±0.01^DEa
	MC	0.05±0.01^ABb	0.68±0.03^ABb	5.92±0.09^Cb	68.58±0.22^Ba	24.79±0.34^EFb	0.02±0.00^Eb
	LS	0.09±0.02^Ab	0.93±0.07^Ab	5.64±0.02^Ac	68.98±0.03^Aa	24.37±0.13^Fb	0.02±0.00^Fb
C. tibetica (10-20 cm)	WS	0.03±0.00^DEb	0.78±0.01^Da	4.20±0.05^Dd	63.76±0.28^Cd	31.14±0.32^Ea	0.09±0.00^Da
	LS	0.04±0.01^BCa	0.58±0.03^Cb	6.45±0.06^Ab	68.60±0.17^Ab	24.34±0.24^Hc	0.02±0.00^Ed
	MC	0.03±0.01^BCa	0.45±0.01^CDc	7.48±0.04^Aa	71.40±0.09^Aa	20.62±0.14^Gd	0.04±0.00^DEc
	LS	0.05±0.01^Ba	0.64±0.04^Bb	4.61±0.04^Bc	66.15±0.12^Bc	28.52±0.20^Eb	0.06±0.00^Eb
C. tibetica (20-30 cm)	WS	0.08±0.01^BCa	1.54±0.11^Ca	4.64±0.01^Cc	65.09±0.03^Bb	28.61±0.11^Eb	0.06±0.00^DEb
	LS	0.04±0.01^BCb	0.69±0.07^BCc	4.67±0.07^Dc	65.10±0.33^Db	29.42±0.41^Ea	0.07±0.00^Da
	MC	0.04±0.01^Bb	0.60±0.03^Bc	6.61±0.07^Ba	68.89±0.21^Ba	23.85±0.28^Fc	0.02±0.00^Ec
	LS	0.09±0.02^Aa	0.98±0.09^Ab	5.86±0.02^Ab	69.00±0.04^Aa	24.08±0.16^Fc	0.02±0.00^Fc
N. tangutorum (0-10 cm)	WS	0.09±0.01^Ba	1.73±0.07^Ca	4.62±0.05^Cb	64.61±0.13^Bb	28.94±0.26^Ec	0.06±0.01^DEc
	LS	0.03±0.01^CDb	0.63±0.06^Cb	4.92±0.02^Ca	66.63±0.11^Ba	27.78±0.14^Fd	0.04±0.00^DEd
	MC	0.05±0.01^ABb	0.74±0.04^Ab	3.48±0.03^Fc	62.88±0.20^Dc	32.78±0.26^Cb	0.10±0.01^CDb
	LS	0.04±0.01^BCb	0.64±0.07^Bb	3.32±0.04^CDd	61.96±0.24^Cd	33.10±0.31^Da	0.12±0.01^Da
N. tangutorum (10-20 cm)	WS	0.19±0.02^Aa	2.94±0.09^Aa	5.33±0.04^Bb	64.88±0.10^Bc	26.54±0.15^Fb	0.04±0.00^EFb
	LS	0.07±0.01^Ab	1.02±0.09^Ab	5.50±0.02^Ba	67.91±0.03^Aa	25.51±0.16^Gc	0.03±0.00^Ec
	MC	0.06±0.01^Ab	0.77±0.03^Ac	5.55±0.05^Da	68.14±0.16^Ba	25.47±0.21^Ec	0.03±0.00^Ec
	LS	0.04±0.01^Bb	0.76±0.04^Bc	4.74±0.05^Bc	66.19±0.17^Bb	28.21±0.26^Ea	0.05±0.00^Ea
N. tangutorum (20-30 cm)	WS	0.05±0.01^CDa	0.88±0.06^Da	6.60±0.04^Aa	68.46±0.11^Ab	24.01±0.19^Gb	0.02±0.00^Fc
	LS	0.05±0.01^BCa	0.72±0.07^BCab	4.89±0.07^Cc	65.61±0.22^CDd	28.66±0.36^EFa	0.07±0.01^Da
	MC	0.04±0.01^ABa	0.74±0.03^Aab	4.83±0.04^Ec	66.44±0.13^Cc	27.94±0.20^Da	0.05±0.00^DEb
	LS	0.04±0.01^BCa	0.66±0.03^Bb	5.82±0.04^Ab	69.06±0.09^Aa	24.43±0.17^Fb	0.02±0.00^Fc
CK	WS	0.04±0.00^DEb	0.77±0.04^Dab	3.10±0.25^Ea	61.14±0.58^Da	34.95±0.61^Ca	0.18±0.01^Ca
	LS	0.05±0.00^ABab	0.84±0.91^Ba	3.09±0.44^Ea	60.48±0.62^Ea	35.52±0.92^Da	0.18±0.01^Ca
	MC	0.59±0.00^Aa	0.75±0.91^Aab	2.43±0.48^GHa	57..8±3.34^Ea	38.67±0.39^Ba	0.30±0.10^Ba
	LS	0.04±0.01^BCb	0.63±0.60^Bb	3.36±0.86^Ca	61.92±3.25^Ca	33.88±2.36^Da	0.15±0.04^Da

Table 3 Particle-size composition of surface sediments from typical nebkhas

Fig. 3 Variations in soil particle-size parameters of typical nebkhas at different soil depth intervals and slope positions. (a), mean particle size (Mz); (b), sorting coefficient (σ); (c), skewness (S_k); (d), kurtosis (K_g). CK means bare sand (control).

Fig. 4 Variations in soil fractal dimension of typical nebkhas at different soil depth intervals. Bars mean standard deviation (SD).

Fig. 5 Windbreak and sand-fixing effects of typical nebkhas at different developmental stages

Fig. 6 Variation in wind speed with relative height (z/H) and normalized horizontal distance (x/L) along the y=0 centerline of typical nebkhas at different developmental stages. (a), initial stage; (b), developing stage; (c), stable stage; (d), activated stage.

Fig. 7 Windbreak efficiency of typical nebkhas at different developmental stages, shown as functions of x/L and z/H along the y=0 centerline. (a1-a3), initial stage; (b1-b3), developing stage; (c1-c3), stable stage; (d1-d3), activated stage.

Fig. 8 Variation in wind speed with x/L and z/H along the y=0 centerline of typical nebkhas at different developmental stages. (a), initial stage; (b), developing stage; (c), stable stage; (d), activated stage.

Fig. 9 Wind speed distribution along x/L and normalized lateral distance (y/W) at z/H=0.3 for typical nebkhas at different developmental stages. (a1-a3), initial stage; (b1-b3), developing stage; (c1-c3), stable stage; (d1-d3), activated stage.


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