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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (11): 1584-1603    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0031-1    
Research article     
Effects of water tables and nitrogen application on soil bacterial community diversity, network structure, and function in an alpine wetland, China
HAN Yaoguang1,2,3,4, CHEN Kangyi2,5, SHEN Zhibo2,4, LI Keyi1,4, CHEN Mo1,4, HU Yang4,6, WANG Jiali2, JIA Hongtao2,4, ZHU Xinping3,4,7,*(), YANG Zailei2,4
1College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
3College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
4Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes, Urumqi 830052, China
5The Second Geological Brigade, Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Tangshan 063000, China
6College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
7Key Laboratory for North China Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 102206, China
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Abstract  

Nitrogen deposition and water tables are important factors to control soil microbial community structure. However, the specific effects and mechanisms of nitrogen deposition and water tables coupling on bacterial diversity, abundance, and community structure in arid alpine wetlands remain unclear. The nitrogen deposition (0, 10, and 20 kg N/(hm2•a)) experiments were conducted in the Bayinbulak alpine wetland with different water tables (perennial flooding, seasonal waterlogging, and perennial drying). The 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene sequencing technology was employed to analyze the changes in bacterial community diversity, network structure, and function in the soil. Results indicated that bacterial diversity was the highest under seasonal waterlogging condition. However, nitrogen deposition only affected the bacterial Chao1 and beta diversity indices under seasonal waterlogging condition. The abundance of bacterial communities under different water tables showed significant differences at the phylum and genus levels. The dominant phylum, Proteobacteria, was sensitive to soil moisture and its abundance decreased with decreasing water tables. Although nitrogen deposition led to changes in bacterial abundance, such changes were small compared with the effects of water tables. Nitrogen deposition with 10 kg N/(hm2•a) decreased bacterial edge number, average path length, and robustness. However, perennial flooding and drying conditions could simply resist environmental changes caused by 20 kg N/(hm2•a) nitrogen deposition and their network structure remain unchanged. The sulfur cycle function was dominant under perennial flooding condition, and carbon and nitrogen cycle functions were dominant under seasonal waterlogging and perennial drying conditions. Nitrogen application increased the potential function of part of nitrogen cycle and decreased the potential function of sulfur cycle in bacterial community. In summary, composition of bacterial community in the arid alpine wetland was determined by water tables, and diversity of bacterial community was inhibited by a lower water table. Effect of nitrogen deposition on bacterial community structure and function depended on water tables.

Key words： nitrogen application      alpine wetland      bacterial community      bacterial network      water tables     
Received: 24 July 2024      Published: 30 November 2024
Corresponding Authors: *ZHU Xinping (E-mail: zhuxinping@bua.edu.cn)
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HAN Yaoguang
CHEN Kangyi
SHEN Zhibo
LI Keyi
CHEN Mo
HU Yang
WANG Jiali
JIA Hongtao
ZHU Xinping
YANG Zailei
Cite this article:

HAN Yaoguang, CHEN Kangyi, SHEN Zhibo, LI Keyi, CHEN Mo, HU Yang, WANG Jiali, JIA Hongtao, ZHU Xinping, YANG Zailei. Effects of water tables and nitrogen application on soil bacterial community diversity, network structure, and function in an alpine wetland, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(11): 1584-1603.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0031-1     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I11/1584

Water table Surface water and groundwater depth Soil moisture (%) Dominant plant species
Perennial flooding Surface waterlogging depth of 20-50 cm 92-115 Carex rhynchophysa C. A. Mey., Utricularia vulgaris L.
Seasonal waterlogging There is sometimes 0-10 cm of water on the surface (usually in the spring snowmelt period and the rainy season), and the groundwater depth is 80-100 cm below the surface 60-81 Carex melanantha C. A. Mey., Carex stenocarpa Turcz ex V. I. Krecz, and Triglochin maritima L.
Perennial drying Dry surface and no water logging. Groundwater depth of 200 cm below the surface. 36-52 C. melanantha, Glaux maritima L.
Table 1 Information of the study area
Treatment Significance
test		 pH TC TN AN AP AK SOC Soil moisture
Water tables F 2454.70 782.01 195.49 46.25 240.64 18659.38 444.06 256.96
P <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001***
Nitrogen application F 40.79 30.61 365.54 51.63 25.91 44.38 40.50 0.26
P <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** <0.001*** 0.31
Water tables×
Nitrogen application		 F 3.60 3.96 1.62 1.48 3.45 17.77 12.50 0.15
P 0.025* 0.018* 0.213 0.249 0.003* <0.001*** <0.001*** 0.96
Table 2 Variance analysis of soil properties under nitrogen application and water tables
Water table Treat-
ment		 pH TC
(g/kg)		 TN
(g/kg)		 SOC
(g/kg)		 AN
(mg/kg)		 AP
(mg/kg)		 AK
(mg/kg)		 Soil moisture (%)
Perennial flooding CK 7.52±0.02Ca 169.02±1.53Ab 8.43±0.39Aa 105.42±3.53Bb 127.24±3.44Ab 16.67±8.59Bb 102.67±4.01Ca 101.50±2.26Aa
N1 7.48±0.01Cb 184.38±1.20Aa 8.59±0.12Aa 125.91±3.44Aa 136.47±5.66Aa 26.90±1.14Cab 100.93±2.05Ca 107.56±11.62Aa
N2 7.47±0.01Cb 184.94±4.73Aa 8.64±0.17Aa 119.77±0.84Ba 144.52±1.79Aa 27.74±2.69Ca 102.93±1.80Ca 104.82±2.07Aa
Seasonal water-
logging		 CK 7.83±0.02Ba 145.06±1.60Bb 7.73±0.25Bb 114.24±2.35Ab 99.45±1.61Bc 51.04±3.47Ab 413.47±2.44Aa 73.87±6.17Ba
N1 7.72±0.04Bb 164.04±5.70Ba 8.23±0.73Ab 131.55±2.29Aa 105.57±2.75Bb 70.22±1.97Aa 417.87±2.66Aa 76.94±1.63Ba
N2 7.75±0.02Bb 168.42±2.57Ba 8.68±0.12Aa 132.98±2.28Aa 113.08±2.07Ba 70.33±4.54Aa 426.67±2.41Ab 76.89±4.66Ba
Perennial drying CK 8.07±0.03Aa 97.71±5.63Ca 5.40±0.16Cc 83.96±3.90Ca 96.13±1.97Bb 46.61±3.86Aa 345.73±3.40Ba 49.52±3.36Ca
N1 8.03±0.01Ab 103.62±2.41Ca 5.89±0.12Bb 82.13±1.25Ba 102.24±2.42Ba 50.72±1.85Ba 363.97±5.97Bb 51.62±2.20Ca
N2 8.04±0.02Ab 101.71±8.15Ca 6.44±0.12Ba 85.06±1.77Ca 105.46±2.77Ca 51.99±1.43Ba 381.63±5.91Bc 50.62±1.61Ca
Table 3 Effect of nitrogen application and water tables on soil chemical properties
Fig. 1 Effects of nitrogen application on alpha and beta diversity of soil bacterial community under different water tables. Different uppercase letters within the same nitrogen application indicate significant differences under different water tables at P<0.050 level, and different lowercase letters within the same water tables indicate significant differences under different nitrogen application levels at P<0.050 level. (a), Chao1 index; (b), Shannon index; (c), Bray-Curtis dissimilarity; (d), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of bacterial community based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. CK, N1, and N2 are the nitrogen application levels of 0, 10, and 20 kg N/(hm2•a), respectively. Boxes in Figure 1a, b, and c indicate the IQR (interquartile range, 75th to 25th of the data). The median value is shown as a line within the box. Outlier is shown as black circle. Whiskers extend to the most extreme value within 1.5×IQR.
Fig. 2 Effects of nitrogen application on soil bacterial community structure under different water tables. (a), top 10 bacteria at phylum level; (b), top 20 bacteria at genus level.
Phylum/genus Water tables Nitrogen application Water tables×Nitrogen application
F P F P F P
Phylum
Proteobacteria 85.143 <0.001*** 4.716 0.015* 8.942 <0.001***
Chloroflexi 46.730 <0.001*** 3.346 0.046* 2.384 0.070
Acidobacteria 151.436 <0.001*** 1.320 0.280 1.277 0.300
Bacteroidetes 232.009 <0.001*** 1.766 0.185 1.430 0.240
Gemmatimonadetes 282.100 <0.001*** 10.802 <0.001*** 5.381 0.002**
Actinobacteria 147.073 <0.001*** 0.366 0.696 2.038 0.110
Planctomycetes 294.773 <0.001*** 11.530 <0.001*** 17.168 <0.001***
Nitrospirae 113.675 <0.001*** 12.159 <0.001*** 5.131 0.002**
Rokubacteria 35.207 <0.001*** 4.575 0.017* 2.459 0.060
Verrucomicrobia 5.511 <0.001*** 8.970 0.001** 2.711 0.045*
Others 321.968 <0.001*** 4.364 0.020* 4.671 0.004**
Genus
c_Subgroup_6 127.480 <0.001*** 4.871 0.013* 2.070 0.105
Geminicoccaceae 424.470 <0.001*** 1.442 0.250 2.788 0.041*
Hydrogenophilaceae 155.358 <0.001*** 1.287 0.288 1.058 0.392
Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 576.490 <0.001*** 4.533 0.018* 1.777 0.155
o_Actinomarinales 113.628 <0.001*** 1.793 0.181 3.684 0.013*
c_S0134_terrestrial_group 314.537 <0.001*** 9.834 <0.001*** 3.468 0.017*
Anaerolineaceae 101.599 <0.001*** 0.615 0.546 6.984 <0.001***
A4b 39.338 <0.001*** 5.085 0.011* 5.112 0.002**
c_Anaerolineae 61.026 <0.001*** 7.275 0.002** 21.784 <0.001***
o_MBNT15 615.364 <0.001*** 1.074 0.352 1.045 0.398
o_NB1-j 42.549 <0.001*** 2.791 0.075 5.105 0.002**
Solibacteraceae_Subgroup_3 133.354 <0.001*** 4.781 0.014* 2.339 0.074
Gemmatimonadaceae 359.449 <0.001*** 0.572 0.570 0.300 0.876
Thermoanaerobaculaceae 222.265 <0.001*** 11.317 <0.001*** 6.044 0.001**
o_SJA-15 138.860 <0.001*** 3.136 0.056 2.758 0.042*
Ilumatobacteraceae 199.072 <0.001*** 4.971 0.012* 5.321 0.002**
Cyclobacteriaceae 164.618 <0.001*** 0.342 0.713 0.980 0.431
Rhodothermaceae 327.543 <0.001*** 3.861 0.030* 4.312 0.006**
c_BD2-11_terrestrial_group 167.426 <0.001*** 1.048 0.361 0.399 0.808
Burkholderiaceae 31.589 <0.001*** 0.314 0.733 1.194 0.330
Others 42.020 <0.001*** 0.148 0.863 3.055 0.029*
Table 4 Variance analysis of bacterial communities at phylum and genus levels under different nitrogen application and water tables
Fig. 3 Analysis of soil microbial community structure using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and effect size (LEfSe) under different water tables. (a), phylogenetic trees of bacterial biomarkers under perennial flooding, seasonal waterlogging, and perennial drying conditions. The LDA threshold was 4.0; (b), phylogenetic trees of bacterial biomarkers under N1 and N2 treatments. The LDA threshold was 3.0.
Fig. 4 Correlation analysis of nitrogen application on bacterial community structure and soil properties under different water tables. (a), redundancy analysis (RDA) between soil bacterial populations and soil properties; (b), Pearson's correlation between diversity index and soil properties; (c), Pearson's correlation between dominating phyla and soil properties. OTUs, operational taxonomic units; *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
Fig. 5 Effects of nitrogen application on bacterial networks under different water tables. Nodes with the same color had the same size. Larger nodes were shown in different colors, and smaller nodes were shown in gray.
Fig. 6 Network topology properties of bacteria. (a1-a4), parameters of bacterial network under different nitrogen application and water tables; (b1-b3), nature connectivity of bacterial network under numbers of removed module hubs; (c1-c3), robustness; (d1-d3), community stability; (e1-e3), Spearman's correlation between parameters of bacterial network and soil properties. *, P<0.050 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
Fig. 7 Soil bacterial function under different nitrogen application and water tables. Different lowercase letters within the same water tables indicate significant differences among different nitrogen application levels at P<0.050 level. Different uppercase letters within the same nitrogen application indicate significant differences among different water tables at P<0.050 level. The red circle represents the relative abundance of bacterial function.
Fig. 8 Correlation analysis between soil bacterial function and soil properties under different water tables. *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
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