Please wait a minute...
Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2021, Vol. 13 Issue (9): 962-976    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0018-0
Research article     
Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates
Teresa NAVARRO1,*(), Hatem A SHABANA2,3, Ali EL-KEBLAWY4,5, Noelia HIDALGO-TRIANA1
1Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga 29080, Spain
2Sharjah Seed Bank and Herbarium, Sharjah Research Academy, Sharjah 60999, United Arab Emirates
3Nature Conservation Sector, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo 11728, Egypt
4Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
5Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Arish University 45511, Egypt
Download: HTML     PDF(397KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants. However, research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is lacking. This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form, habit, spatial dispersal, antitelechoric mechanism, and seed release time. The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis (NLPCA). Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded (15.0% of 307 studied species) and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family (17.4%). Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants (73.9%) with spatial restricted dispersal (67.4%), which released seed in the dry season (45.7%). The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy (28.3%). All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits, while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy. Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species (54.3%), whereas salt flats had the lowest (23.9%). In the desert of the UAE, delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season, thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season. This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.

Key words： Arabian desert      delayed dispersal      restricted dispersal      persistent fruits      seed release time      myxospermy      synaptospermy     
Received: 01 June 2021      Published: 10 September 2021
Corresponding Authors: *Teresa NAVARRO (E-mail: tnavarro@uma.es)
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
Teresa NAVARRO
Hatem A SHABANA
Ali EL-KEBLAWY
Noelia HIDALGO-TRIANA
Cite this article:

Teresa NAVARRO, Hatem A SHABANA, Ali EL-KEBLAWY, Noelia HIDALGO-TRIANA. Delayed seed dispersal species and related traits in the desert of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(9): 962-976.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0018-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I9/962

Fig. 1 Ordination plot of the 46 delayed seed dispersal species using Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis (NLPCA)
Trait Component
1 2
Growth form -0.177 0.616
Plant habit 0.277 -0.509
Seed release time -0.178 0.078
Spatial dispersal -0.541 -0.035
Myxospermy -0.347 0.387
Synaptospermy -0.742 -0.010
Trypanocarpy -0.187 -0.007
Active total 3.125 2.095
Percentage of variance (%) 39.058 26.183
Table 1 Seven studied traits on the first two components of NLPCA
Trait Plant habit Seed release
time		 Growth form Spatial dispersal Trait Plant habitat Seed release time
Plant habit 1.000
Seed release time -0.393* 1.000
Growth form -0.233* -0.093 1.000
Spatial dispersal -0.206 0.097 -0.192 1.000
Myxospermy -0.620*** 0.275 0.223 0.349* 1.000
Synaptospermy -0.292 0.143 -0.199 0.668*** 0.404** 1.000
Trypanocarpy -0.082 0.161 -0.112 0.176 0.139 0.345* 1.000
Eigenvalue 1.829 1.013 0.888 0.500 0.356 0.342 0.134
Table 2 Pearson correlations among studied traits
Fig. 2 Number of species in different spatial dispersal patterns and groups of delayed seed dispersal species
Fig. 3 Number of species in different growth form and groups of delayed seed dispersal species
Fig. 4 Number of species in different plant habits and groups of delayed seed dispersal species
Group of seed dispersal species Myxospermy Synaptospermy Trypanocarpy Overall
Basicarpic species 5 2 1 10
Gradually open capsules species 3 1 0 10
Species with persistent fruits 0 13 2 13
Species with persistent lignified fruits 2 1 0 10
Total 10 17 3 43
χ2 9.558 31.407
P <0.050 <0.001
Table 3 Relationships between groups of delayed seed dispersal species and antitelochoric mechanisms
Fig. 5 Number of species in different types of habitats and groups of delayed seed dispersal species groups
Family or species Habitat Group of species Plant habit Growth form Seed storage time (month) Seed release time Spatial dispersal S T M
Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt GP, M, SS Species with persistent lignified fruits SB PE 7 Rainy RSD A A P
Aizoaceae
Aizoon canariense L. GP, M, SS Basicarpic species SB AN 9 Rainy RSD A A P
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. SF Basicarpic species PO AN 9 Rainy & Dry RSD A A P
Amaranthaceae
Aerva javanica Juss. GP, M, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 10 Rainy & Dry DAV P A A
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) K.Koch SF Gradually open capsules species ER PE 7 Dry RSD A A A
Halocnemum strobilaceum M.Bieb SF Gradually open capsules species ER PE 7 Rainy RSD A A A
Halopeplis perfoliata Bunge ex Schweinf. & Asch SF Gradually open capsules species ER PE 10 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary SF, SS Gradually open capsules species ER AN 7 Rainy RSD A A A
Asclepiadaceae
Glossonema varans Benth. ex Hook.f.
GP		 Gradually open capsules species
ER
PE
6
Rainy & Dry
DAV
P
A
A
Asteraceae
Anvillea garcinii DC. SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER PE 8 Rainy & Dry RSD A A P
Brassicaceae
Anastatica hierochuntica L. SS Basiocarpic species SB AN 9 Rainy RSD A A P
Morettia parviflora Boiss. GP, M, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry RSD P A A
Zilla spinosa Prant GP, M, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry DAV P P A
Caryophyllaceae
Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss.		 M, SF, SS Basicarpic species PO AN
9		 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Cucurbitaceae
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. GP, SS Basicarpic species PO PE 7 Dry RSD A A P
Cucumis prophetarum L. GP, M Basicarpic species PO PE 7 Dry RSD A A P
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia larica Boiss. GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry RSD P A A

To be continued
Continued
Family or species Habitat Group of species Plant habit Growth form Seed storage time (month) Seed release time Spatial dispersal S T M
Ricinus communis L. SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 8 Rainy & Dry RSD P A A
Fabaceae
Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spac GP, SS Species with persistent fruits PO PE 6 Dry DBV P A A
Indigofera argentea Burm. f. GP, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 11 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Indigofera caerulea Roxb. GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 6 Rainy DBV P A A
Indigofera intricata Boiss. SS Species with persistent fruits PO PE 11 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk GP, SS Species with persistent fruits ER PE 6 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Medicago laciniata Mill. GP, M Basicarpic species PO AN 8 Dry DBV P P A
Trigonella hamosa L. SS Basicarpic species PO AN 10 Rainy & Dry DBV P A A
Trigonella stellata Forssk. GP, M Basicarpic species PO AN 8 Dry RSD A A A
Juncaceae
Juncus rigidus Desf. SF Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 9 Dry RSD A A A
Juncus socotranus (Buchenau) Snogerup SF Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 7 Dry RSD A A A
Lamiaceae
Salvia aegyptiaca L. GP, M Gradually open capsules species ER PE 8 Dry RSD A A P
Salvia spinosa L. M Gradually open capsules species SB PE 6 Rainy RSD A A P
Liliaceae
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. GP, M, SS Gradually open capsules species SB PE 7 Dry RSD A A A
Lythraceae
Lawsonia inermis L.
M, SS		 Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry RSD P A A
Malvaceae
Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr. M Species with schizocarpic fruits ER PE 8 Dry DAV A A A
Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl. GP, M Species with schizocarpic fruits ER PE 8 Dry DAV A A A
To be continued
Continued
Family or species Habitat Group of species Plant habit Growth form Seed storage time (month) Seed release time Spatial dispersal S T M
Malva parviflora L. SS Species with schizocarpic fruits ER AN 7 Dry DAV A A A
Plantago ovata Forssk. M, SS Gradually open capsules species SB AN 7 Rainy & Dry RSD A A P
Poaceae
Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites SF Retain fruits in dried plants ER GR 9 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Cenchrus ciliaris L. GP, SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 8 Rainy DAV P A A
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. GP Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 7 Rainy RSD A A A
Sporobolus ioclados Nees SF Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 8 Dry RSD A A A
Sporobolus spicatus Kunth SF, SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER GR 9 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Polygonaceae
Rumex dentatus L. SS Species with persistent lignified fruits ER AN 6 Dry RSD A A A
Resedaceae
Ochradenus arabicus Chaudhary, Hillc. & A. G. Mill. M, SS Gradually open capsules species ER PE 6 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophularia deserti Delile GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 6 Dry RSD P P A
Solanaceae
Solanum incanum L. GP, M Species with persistent fruits ER PE 7 Dry DBV P A A
Tiliaceae
Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks GP, SS Basicarpic species PO PE 6 Rainy & Dry RSD A A A
Table S1 Species with delayed seed dispersal in desert of the UAE
[1]   Barrera M D R, Golubov J, Pisanty I, et al. 2020. Effect of reproductive modes on the population dynamics of an endemic cactus from Cuatro Ciénegas. In: Marina C M, Irene P, Luis E E. Plant Diversity and Ecology in the Chihuahuan Desert. Cham:Springer, 211-225.
[2]   Bastida F, Talavera S. 2002. Temporal and spatial patterns of seed dispersal in two Cistus species (Cistaceae). Annals of Botany, 89(4):427-434.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcf065
[3]   Böer B. 1997. An introduction to the climate of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Environments, 35(1):3-16.
doi: 10.1006/jare.1996.0162
[4]   Böer B B, Gliddon D. 1997. The geography and landforms of Abu Dhabi. ERWDA Internal Research Report No. 4. Abu Dhabi: Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, 28.
[5]   Borchert M, Johnson M, Schreiner D S, et al. 2003. Early postfire seed dispersal, seedling establishment and seedling mortality of Pinus coulteri (D. Don) in central coastal California, USA. Plant Ecology, 168:207-220.
doi: 10.1023/A:1024447811238
[6]   Cain M L, Milligan B G, Strand A E. 2000. Long-distance seed dispersal in plant populations. American Journal of Botany, 87(9):1217-1227.
pmid: 10991892
[7]   Campos C M, Peco B, Campos V E, et al. 2008. Endozoochory by native and exotic herbivores in dry areas: consequences for germination and survival of Prosopis seeds. Seed Science Research, 18(2):91-100.
doi: 10.1017/S0960258508940344
[8]   Cheplick G P. 1998. Population Biology of Grasses. Part I, Seed Dispersal and Seedling Establishment in Grass Populations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 84-105.
[9]   Cowling R M, Lamont B B. 1987. Post-fire recruitment of four co-occurring Banksia species. Journal of Applied Ecology, 24(2):645-658.
doi: 10.2307/2403899
[10]   de Leeuw J. 1982. Nonlinear principal components analysis. In: Caussinus H, Ettinger P, Tomassone R. COMPSTAT 1982 5th Symposium Held at Toulouse 1982. Part I: Proceedings in Computational Statistics. Austria, Vienna: Physica Verlag; COMPSTAT, 77-89.
[11]   El-Keblawy A, Shaltout K H, Lovett-Doust J, et al. 1997. Population dynamics of an Egyptian desert shrub, Thymelaea hirsuta. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75(12):2027-2037.
[12]   El-Keblawy A. 2014. Effects of seed storage on germination of desert halophytes with transient seed bank. In: Khan M A, Böer B, Öztürk M, et al. Sabkha Ecosystems IV. Dordrecht:Springer, 93-103.
[13]   El-Keblawy A, Abdelfattah M A, Khedr A H A. 2015. Relationships between landforms, soil characteristics and dominant xerophytes in the hyper-arid northern United Arab Emirates. Journal of Arid Environments, 117:28-36.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.008
[14]   El-Keblawy A, Bhatt A. 2015. Aerial seed bank affects germination in two small-seeded halophytes in the Arab Gulf desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 117:10-17.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.02.001
[15]   El-Keblawy A, Gairola S. 2017. Dormancy regulating chemicals alleviate innate seed dormancy and promote germination of desert annuals. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 36(2):300-311.
doi: 10.1007/s00344-016-9640-z
[16]   El-Keblawy A, Shabana H A, Navarro T. 2018. Seed mass and germination traits relationships among different plant growth forms with aerial seed bank in the sub-tropical arid Arabian deserts. Plant Ecology & Diversity 11 (3):393-404.
[17]   Ellner S, Shmida A. 1981. Why are adaptations for long-range seed dispersal rare in desert plants? Oecologia, 51(1):133-144.
doi: 10.1007/BF00344663
[18]   Enright N J, Lamont B B, Marsula R. 1996. Canopy seed bank dynamics and optimum fire regime for the highly serotinous shrub, Banksia hookeriana. Journal of Ecology, 84(1):9-17.
doi: 10.2307/2261695
[19]   Enright N J, Marsula R, Lamont B B, et al. 1998a. The ecological significance of canopy seed storage in fire-prone environments: a model for non-sprouting shrubs. Journal of Ecology, 86(6):946-959.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00312.x
[20]   Enright N J, Marsula R, Lamont B B, et al. 1998b. The ecological significance of canopy seed storage in fire-prone environments: a model for resprouting shrubs. Journal of Ecology, 86(6):960-973.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00311.x
[21]   Ernst W H O, Veenendaal E M, Kebakile M M. 1992. Possibilities for dispersal in annual and perennial grasses in a savanna in Botswana. Plant Ecology, 102(1):1-11.
[22]   Feulner G R. 2006. Rainfall and climate records from Sharjah Airport: Historical data for the study of recent climatic periodicity in the UAE. Tribulus, 16(1):3-9.
[23]   Gao R, Yang X, Yang F, et al. 2014. Aerial and soil seed banks enable populations of an annual species to cope with an unpredictable dune ecosystem. Annals of Botany, 114(2):279-287.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcu104
[24]   García-Fayos P, Bochet E, Cerdà A. 2010. Seed removal susceptibility through soil erosion shapes vegetation composition. Plant and Soil, 334(1-2):289-297.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-010-0382-6
[25]   García-Fayos P, Engelbrecht M, Bochet E. 2013. Post-dispersal seed anchorage to soil in semiarid plant communities, a test of the hypothesis of Ellner and Shmida. Plant Ecology, 214(7):941-952.
doi: 10.1007/s11258-013-0220-z
[26]   Glennie K W, Evamy B D. 1968. Dikaka: plants and plant-root structures associated with aeolian sand. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 4(2):77-87.
doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(68)90088-6
[27]   Gremer J R, Venable D L. 2014. Bet hedging in desert winter annual plants: optimal germination strategies in a variable environment. Ecology Letters, 17(3):380-387.
doi: 10.1111/ele.2014.17.issue-3
[28]   Groom P K, Lamont B B. 1998. Seed and seedling biology of the woody-fruited Proteaceae. Australian Journal of Botany, 46(4):387-406.
doi: 10.1071/BT96135
[29]   Günster A. 1992. Aerial seed banks in the central Namib: distribution of serotinous plants in relation to climate and habitat. Journal of Biogeography, 19(5):563-572.
doi: 10.2307/2845775
[30]   Gutterman Y. 1993. Seed Germination in Desert Plants. Adaptation of Desert Organisms. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 253.
[31]   Gutterman Y, Ginott S. 1994. Long-term protected 'seed bank' in dry inflorescences of Asteriscus pygmaeus; achene dispersal mechanism and germination. Journal of Arid Environments, 26(2):149-163.
doi: 10.1006/jare.1994.1019
[32]   Günster A. 1994. Seed bank dynamics-longevity, viability and predation of seeds of serotinous plants in the central Namib Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 28(3):195-205.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80057-6
[33]   Gutterman Y. 1994. Strategies of seed dispersal and germination in plants inhabiting deserts. The Botanical Review, 60(4):373-425.
doi: 10.1007/BF02857924
[34]   Gutterman Y. 2000. Seed dormancy as one of the survival strategies in annual plant species occurring in deserts. In: Viémont J D, Crabbé J. Dormancy in plants: from whole plant behaviour to cellular control. UK, Wallingford: CAB International, 139-159.
[35]   Gutterman Y. 2001. Regeneration of Plants in Arid Ecosystems Resulting from Patch Disturbance. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media, 246.
[36]   Gutterman Y. 2002. Survival Strategies of Annual Desert Plants. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media, 348.
[37]   Haase P, Pugnaire FI, Incoll LD. 1995. Seed production and dispersal in the semi-arid tussock grass Stipa tenacissima L. during masting. Journal of Arid Environments, 31(1):55-65.
doi: 10.1006/jare.1995.0048
[38]   Jongbloed M. 2003. The Comprehensive Guide to the Wild Flowers of the United Arab Emirates. UAE, Abu Dhabi: Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, 598.
[39]   Kamenetsky R, Gutterman Y. 1994. Life cycles and delay of seed dispersal in some geophytes inhabiting the Negev Desert highlands of Israel. Journal of Arid Environments, 27(4):337-345.
doi: 10.1006/jare.1994.1069
[40]   Karim F M, Fawzi N M. 2007a. Flora of the United Arab Emirates, Volume 1. UAE, Al Ain: United Arab Emirates University.
[41]   Karim F M, Fawzi N M. 2007b. Flora of the United Arab Emirates, Volume 2. UAE, Al Ain: United Arab Emirates University.
[42]   Lamont B B. 1991. Canopy seed storage and release: what's in a name? Oikos, 60(2):266-268.
doi: 10.2307/3544876
[43]   Lamont B B, Le Maitre D C, Cowling R M, et al. 1991. Canopy seed storage in woody plants. The Botanical Review, 57(4):277-317.
doi: 10.1007/BF02858770
[44]   Lamont B B, Enright NJ. 2000. Adaptive advantages of aerial seed banks. Plant Species Biology, 15(2):157-166.
doi: 10.1046/j.1442-1984.2000.00036.x
[45]   Liu H, Zhang D, Yang X, et al. 2014. Seed dispersal and germination traits of 70 plant species inhabiting the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwest China. The Scientific World Journal: 346405.
[46]   Liu Z, Jiang D M, Yan Q L, et al. 2005. Study on dispersal biology of common species of flora of the Horqin Steppe. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 14(6):23-33. (in Chinese)
[47]   Liu Z, Yan Q, Baskin C C, et al. 2006. Burial of canopy-stored seeds in the annual psammophyte Agriophyllum squarrosum Moq. (Chenopodiaceae) and its ecological significance. Plant and Soil, 288(1):71-80.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-006-9090-7
[48]   Ma J, Liu Z. 2008. Spatiotemporal pattern of seed bank in the annual psammophyte Agriophyllum squarrosum Moq. (Chenopodiaceae) on the active sand dunes of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Plant and Soil, 311(1-2):97-107.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9661-x
[49]   Ma J, Liu Z, Zeng D, et al. 2010. Aerial seed bank in Artemisia species: how it responds to sand mobility. Trees, 24(3):435-441.
doi: 10.1007/s00468-010-0411-3
[50]   Martínez-Berdeja A, Ezcurra E, Sanders A C. 2015. Delayed seed dispersal in California deserts. Madroño, 62(1):21-32.
doi: 10.3120/0024-9637-62.1.21
[51]   Molokwu M N, Nilsson J Å, Ottosson U, et al. 2010. Effects of season, water and predation risk on patch use by birds on the African savannah. Oecologia, 164(3):637-645.
doi: 10.1007/s00442-010-1781-3 pmid: 20865281
[52]   Navarro T, El Oualidi J, Taleb M S, et al. 2009a. Dispersal traits and dispersal patterns in an Oro-Mediterranean thorn cushion plant formation of the eastern High Atlas, Morocco. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 204(9):658-672.
doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2008.08.005
[53]   Navarro T, Pascual V, Alados C L, et al. 2009b. Growth forms, dispersal strategies and taxonomic spectrum in a semi-arid shrubland in SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments, 73(1):103-112.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.09.009
[54]   Ortega Baes P, de Viana M L, Sühring S. 2002. Germination in Prosopis ferox seeds: effects of mechanical, chemical and biological scarificators. Journal of Arid Environments, 50(1):185-189.
doi: 10.1006/jare.2001.0859
[55]   Peng F, Tsuji W, Wang T, et al. 2012. Effects of sand burial and water regimes on seed germination and seedling emergence of two desert species. Advanced Materials Research, 356- 360:2465-2472.
[56]   Pérez-Harguindeguy T, Díaz S, Garnier E, et al. 2013. New handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 61(3):167-234.
doi: 10.1071/BT12225
[57]   Peters E M, Martorell C, Ezcurra E. 2009. The adaptive value of cued seed dispersal in desert plants: seed retention and release in Mammillaria pectinifera (Cactaceae), a small globose cactus. American Journal of Botany, 96(2):537-541.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800157
[58]   Plants of the World Online(POWO). 2019. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [2021-01-01]. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/.
[59]   Pritchard H W, Daws M I, Fletcher B J, et al. 2004. Ecological correlates of seed desiccation tolerance in tropical African dryland trees. American Journal of Botany, 91(6):863-870.
doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.6.863 pmid: 21653442
[60]   Rodríguez C, Navarro T, El-Keblawy A. 2017. Covariation in diaspore mass and dispersal patterns in three Mediterranean coastal dunes in southern Spain. Turkish Journal of Botany, 41(2):161-170.
doi: 10.3906/bot-1602-26
[61]   Shabana H A, Navarro T, El-Keblawy A. 2018. Dispersal traits in the hyper-arid hot desert of the United Arab Emirates. Plant Ecology and Evolution, 151(2):194-208.
doi: 10.5091/plecevo.151.2
[62]   Shreve F, Wiggins I L. 1964. Vegetation and flora of the Sonoran Desert. Science, 144(3619):720.
[63]   Simon M F, Pennington T. 2012. Evidence for adaptation to fire regimes in the tropical savannas of the Brazilian Cerrado. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 173(6):711-723.
doi: 10.1086/665973
[64]   Tapias R, Climent J, Pardos J A, et al. 2004. Life histories of Mediterranean pines. Plant Ecology, 171:53-68.
doi: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029383.72609.f0
[65]   Thanos C A. 2004. Bradychory-The coining of a new term. In: Arianoutsou M, Papanastis V P. Proceedings 10th Medecos Conference Rhodes, Greece. Rotterdam:Millpress,1-6.
[66]   UAE Ministry of Environment and Water. 2015. State of Environment Report: United Arab Emirates 2015. United Arab Emirates: Ministry of Environment & Water, 1-36.
[67]   van Rheede van Oudtshoorn K, van Rooyen M W. 1999. Dispersal Biology of Desert. Adaptations of Desert Organisms. Heidelberg: Springer, 242.
[68]   van Rooyen M W, Theron G K, Grobbelaar N. 1990. Life form and dispersal spectra of the flora of Namaqualand, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments, 19(2):133-145.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(18)30812-7
[69]   Venable D L, Lawlor L. 1980. Delayed germination and dispersal in desert annuals: escape in space and time. Oecologia, 46(2):272-282.
doi: 10.1007/BF00540137
[70]   Walck J L, Hidayati S N. 2007. Ombrohydrochory and its relationship to seed dispersal and germination strategies in two temperate North American Oenothera species (Onagraceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(9):1279-1290.
doi: 10.1086/521691
[71]   Wang G, Liang X G. 1995. The dynamics of seed bank on Shapotou artificially stabilized dunes. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 37:231-237.
[72]   Weaver J E, Zink E. 1946. Length of life of roots of ten species of perennial range and pasture grasses. Plant Physiology, 21(2):201-217.
pmid: 16654037
[73]   Willson M F. 1993. Dispersal mode, seed shadows, and colonization patterns. In: Fleming T H, Estrada A. Frugivory and Seed Dispersal: Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects. Dordrecht:Springer; 261-280.
[74]   Zhao X, Baskin C C, Zhu C, et al. 2017. Fruit dispersal dynamics of the cold desert shrub Zygophyllum xanthoxylon. Seed Science Research, 27(4):303-310.
doi: 10.1017/S0960258517000253
No related articles found!