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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (6): 724-739    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0058-8     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0058-8
Research article     
Effects of drought treatment on photosystem II activity in the ephemeral plant Erodium oxyrhinchum
CHEN Yingying1,2, LIN Yajun1,2, ZHOU Xiaobing1, ZHANG Jing1, YANG Chunhong3,4,*(), ZHANG Yuanming1,*()
1State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology/Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
4Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Abstract  

Drought is a critical limiting factor affecting the growth and development of plants in arid and semi-arid areas. Photosynthesis, one of the most important physiological processes of plants, can be significantly inhibited by drought. Photosystem II (PSII) is considered the main attack target when photosynthesis is affected by drought. To clarify how PSII components of the ephemeral plant Erodium oxyrhinchum (grown in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China) respond to drought treatment, we evaluated the functional activity of PSII by determining chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters under different drought treatment levels (control (400 mL), moderate drought (200 mL), and severe drought (100 mL)). Under moderate drought treatment, significant decreases were found in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), effective quantum yield of PSII (Y(II)), relative electron transfer rate of PSII (rETR(II)), oxygen-releasing complex, probability of an absorbed exciton moving an electron into the electron transport chain beyond primary quinone receptor QA- (Φ(Eo)), probability of a trapped exciton moving an electron into the electron transport chain beyond primary quinone receptor QA- (ψ(Eo)), and performance index of PSII (PIabs). Compared to control treatment, marked increases were observed in water use efficiency (WUE), relative variable fluorescence at the J step (VJ), initial fluorescence (Fo), and dissipated energy per active reaction center (DIo/RC) under moderate drought treatment, but there were no substantial changes in semi-saturated light intensity (IK), active reaction centers per cross-section (RC/CS), and total performance index of PSII and PSI (PItotal, where PSI is the photosystem I). The changes of the above parameters under severe drought treatment were more significant than those under moderate drought treatment. In addition, severe drought treatment significantly increased the absorbed energy per active reaction center (ABS/RC) and trapping energy per active reaction center (TRo/RC) but decreased the energy transmission connectivity of PSII components, RC/CS, and PItotal, compared to moderate drought and control treatments. Principle component analysis (PCA) revealed similar information according to the grouping of parameters. Moderate drought treatment was obviously characterized by RC/CS parameter, and the values of Fo, VJ, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, and TRo/RC showed specific reactions to severe drought treatment. These results demonstrated that moderate drought treatment reduced the photochemical activity of PSII to a certain extent but E. oxyrhinchum still showed strong adaptation against drought treatment, while severe drought treatment seriously damaged the structure of PSII. The results of this study are useful for further understanding the adaptations of ephemeral plants to different water conditions and can provide a reference for the selection of relevant parameters for photosynthesis measurements of large samples in the field.

Key words： chlorophyll fluorescence      drought treatment      electron transport      photosynthesis      photosystem II      Erodium oxyrhinchum      Gurbantunggut Desert     
Received: 19 November 2022      Published: 30 June 2023
Corresponding Authors: * YANG Chunhong (E-mail: yangch@ibcas.ac.cn);ZHANG Yuanming (E-mail: zhangym@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
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The first and second authors contributed equally to this work.
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CHEN Yingying
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CHEN Yingying, LIN Yajun, ZHOU Xiaobing, ZHANG Jing, YANG Chunhong, ZHANG Yuanming. Effects of drought treatment on photosystem II activity in the ephemeral plant Erodium oxyrhinchum. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(6): 724-739.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0058-8     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I6/724

Fig. 1 Phenotype of Erodium oxyrhinchum grown under different drought treatment levels. (a), control treatment; (b), moderate drought treatment; (c), severe drought treatment.
Fig. 2 Leaf gas exchange parameters of E. oxyrhinchum under different drought treatment levels. (a), net photosynthetic rate (Pn); (b), stomatal conductance (Gs); (c), transpiration rate (Tr); (d), water use efficiency (WUE). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among drought treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard deviations.
Fig. 3 Light response curves of E. oxyrhinchum under different drought treatment levels. (a), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Y(II)); (b), closure degree of PSII (1-qP); (c), quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation in PSII (Y(NPQ)); (d), quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation in PSII (Y(NO)). PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density. Bars mean standard deviations.
Fig. 4 Fitted light response curves of (a) relative electron transfer rate of PSII (rETR(II)), (b) maximum electron transfer rate (ETRmax), (c) initial slope of the fast light response curve (α), and (d) semi-saturated light intensity (IK) of E. oxyrhinchum under different drought treatment levels. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among drought treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard deviations.
Fig. 5 Rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics curve (OJIP) of E. oxyrhinchum under different drought treatment levels. The first rise from the origin is denoted as "O", which ascends to an intermediate state "K" step (at 0.30 ms) and "J" step (at 2.00 ms), followed by a second slower rise involving a second intermediate state "I" step (at 30.00 ms), while the "P" step is the maximum fluorescence measured. (a), relative variable fluorescence at stages O-P (VOP); (b), relative variable fluorescence after normalization at stages O-P (ΔVOP); (c), relative variable fluorescence at stages O-J (VOJ); (d), relative variable fluorescence of K band after normalization at stages O-J (ΔVOJ); (e), relative variable fluorescence at stages O-K (VOK); (f), relative variable fluorescence of L band after normalization at stages O-K (ΔVOK); (g) relative variable fluorescence at stages J-I (VJI); (h), relative variable fluorescence of H band after normalization at stages J-I (ΔVJI); (i) relative variable fluorescence at stages I-P (VIP); (j), relative variable fluorescence of G band after normalization at stages I-P (ΔVIP). Relative variable fluorescence was calculated as Vt=(Ft-Fo)/(Fm-Fo) (where, Fo is the minimum fluorescence; Fm is the maximum fluorescence; and Ft is the fluorescence at t time) and relative variable fluorescence after normalization was determined as ΔVt=Vt-Vcontrol (where Vt is the relative variable fluorescence at t time; and Vcontrol is the relative variable fluorescence at t time under control treatment).
Fig. 6 Data processing method for the OJIP (JIP test) parameters of E. oxyrhinchum under different drought treatment levels. The rapid chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under control treatment were taken as 1 and the rapid chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under moderate drought and severe drought treatments were expressed as the proportion of that under control treatment. Different lowercase letters in the parentheses indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Fv/Fm, the maximal photochemical efficiency (where Fv is the variable fluorescence); ABS/RC, absorbed energy per active reaction center; DIo/RC, dissipated energy per active reaction center; TRo/RC, trapping energy per active reaction center; REo/RC, electron flux from the active reaction center to the PSI acceptor side; RC/CS, active reaction centers per cross-section; VJ, relative variable fluorescence at the J step; Sm, the size of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool on the PSII receptor side; ψ(Eo), probability of a trapped exciton moving an electron into the electron transport chain beyond primary quinone receptor QA-; Φ(Eo), probability of an absorbed exciton moving an electron into the electron transport chain beyond primary quinone receptor QA-; δRo, probability of an electron being transported from reduced PQ to the electron acceptor side of photosystem I (PSI); PIabs, the performance index of PSII; PItotal, the total performance index of PSII and PSI.
Parameter PC1 PC2
Fo -0.2849# -0.1477
Fv/Fm 0.2804# -0.0230
ABS/RC -0.2799# 0.1460
DIo/RC -0.2792# 0.1512
TRo/RC -0.2756# 0.1429
ψ(Eo) 0.2847# -0.0581
Φ(Eo) 0.2840# -0.0241
PIabs 0.2842# 0.0401
PItotal 0.2609# -0.0174
VJ -0.2871# -0.0095
Sm 0.2523# 0.0939
Pn 0.2858# 0.1200
RC/CS 0.0732 0.9280#
IK 0.2537# -0.1506
Table 1 Contributions of different chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters of E. oxyrhinchum to the total variance of principal components (PCs)
Fig. 7 Biplot of principal component analysis (PCA) showing the separation of the chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters of E. oxyrhinchum under different drought treatment levels. PC1, the first principal component; PC2, the second principal component.
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