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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (8): 975-988    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0022-7
Research article     
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve biomass, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller under different water levels
Teame G KEBEDE1,2,*(), Emiru BIRHANE1,3, Kiros-Meles AYIMUT4, Yemane G EGZIABHER4
1Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
2Department of Animal Production and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat 50, Ethiopia
3Institute of Climate and Society, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
4Department of Dryland Crop and Horticultural Science, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mekelle University, Mekelle 231, Ethiopia
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Abstract  

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plant with an extraordinary capacity to adapt to drought stress by its ability to fix atmospheric CO2 at nighttime, store a significant amount of water in cladodes, and reduce root growth. Plants that grow in moisture-stress conditions with thick and less fine root hairs have a strong symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to adapt to drought stress. Water stress can limit plant growth and biomass production, which can be rehabilitated by AMF association through improved physiological performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AMF inoculations and variable soil water levels on the biomass, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of the spiny and spineless O. ficus-indica. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a full factorial experiment using O. ficus-indica type (spiny or spineless), AMF (presence or absence), and four soil water available (SWA) treatments through seven replications. Water treatments applied were 0%-25% SWA (T1), 25%-50% SWA (T2), 50%-75% SWA (T3), and 75%-100% SWA (T4). Drought stress reduced biomass and cladode growth, while AMF colonization significantly increased the biomass production with significant changes in the physiological performance of O. ficus-indica. AMF presence significantly increased biomass of both O. ficus-indica plant types through improved growth, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and photosynthesis. The presence of spines on the surface of cladodes significantly reduced the rate of photosynthesis and photosynthetic water use efficiency. Net photosynthesis, photosynthetic water use efficiency, transpiration, and stomatal conductance rate significantly decreased with increased drought stress. Under drought stress, some planted mother cladodes with the absence of AMF have not established daughter cladodes, whereas AMF-inoculated mother cladodes fully established daughter cladodes. AMF root colonization significantly increased with the decrease of SWA. AMF caused an increase in biomass production, increased tolerance to drought stress, and improved photosynthesis and water use efficiency performance of O. ficus-indica. The potential of O. ficus-indica to adapt to drought stress is controlled by the morpho-physiological performance related to AMF association.

Key words： biomass      cactus pear      cladode growth      photosynthesis      water stress      water use efficiency     
Received: 18 March 2023      Published: 31 August 2023
Corresponding Authors: * Teame G KEBEDE (E-mail: teame2004@gmail.com)
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Teame G KEBEDE
Emiru BIRHANE
Kiros-Meles AYIMUT
Yemane G EGZIABHER
Cite this article:

Teame G KEBEDE, Emiru BIRHANE, Kiros-Meles AYIMUT, Yemane G EGZIABHER. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve biomass, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller under different water levels. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(8): 975-988.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0022-7     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I8/975

Feature Unit Mother cladode type
F P
Fresh weight g 0.106 0.285
Height cm 0.047 0.860
Breadth cm 0.017 0.355
Thickness cm 2.704 0.256
Areoles per cladode number 8.666 0.203
Spines per cladode number 73.299 <0.001
Table 1 Mean fresh cladode weight, height, breadth, thickness, number of areoles, and spines per cladode of O. ficus-indica mother plants
Fig. 1 Effects of O. ficus-indica type (spiny (a) or spineless (b)), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (absent (c) or present (d)), and soil water available (SWA) on the height of O. ficus-indica cladodes after 18 months of growth in the greenhouse. T1, 0%-25% SWA; T2, 25%-50% SWA; T3, 50%-75% SWA; T4, 75%-100% SWA. Bars are standard errors.
Parameter Type AMF SWA Type×AMF Type×SWA AMF×SWA Type×AMF×
SWA
F P F P F P F P F P F P F P
Establish cladodes 0.572 0.451 0.006 0.936 3.235 0.025 0.507 0.478 0.264 0.768 0.508 0.603 0.244 0.912
Up-growing cladodes 0.089 0.766 0.064 0.801 103.553 0.000 18.262 0.000 21.940 0.000 18.291 0.000 8.192 0.000
Height 16.419 0.000 7.274 0.008 92.286 0.000 567.007 0.000 134.662 0.000 201.308 0.000 193.694 0.000
Breadth 27.280 0.000 9.937 0.002 31.964 0.000 29.045 0.000 7.117 0.001 55.666 0.000 118.953 0.000
Thickness 0.006 0.941 18.539 0.000 63.724 0.000 0.889 0.348 2.638 0.077 6.983 0.001 2.491 0.048
Areoles 9.107 0.003 3.034 0.084 13.333 0.000 0.030 0.863 3.079 0.051 13.757 0.000 5.655 0.000
Spines
areole		 1445.969 0.000 1.012 0.317 0.623 0.602 13.667 0.000 14.218 0.000 71.583 0.000 51.853 0.000
Total spine cladodes 864.609 0.000 1.764 0.187 1.064 0.368 5.858 0.017 13.316 0.000 33.127 0.000 19.709 0.000
Area 20.550 0.000 9.383 0.003 79.637 0.000 0.037 0.848 0.116 0.734 0.970 0.327 0.080 0.779
Biomass 4.286 0.041 6.737 0.011 283.564 0.000 583.038 0.000 641.902 0.000 596.762 0.000 243.113 0.000
Growth rate at 15 d 3.012 0.086 0.880 0.350 230.445 0.000 69.751 0.000 51.694 0.000 71.937 0.000 29.878 0.000
Growth rate at 30 d 11.700 0.001 1.666 0.200 172.523 0.000 303.051 0.000 166.322 0.000 139.648 0.000 112.233 0.000
Growth rate at 45 d 6.447 0.013 1.516 0.221 332.090 0.000 323.051 0.000 214.124 0.000 223.398 0.000 118.398 0.000
Growth rate at 60 d 3.735 0.056 0.941 0.334 432.003 0.000 64.105 0.000 65.707 0.000 37.848 0.000 25.453 0.000
Growth rate at 75 d 1.043 0.310 0.447 0.505 1091.426 0.000 278.154 0.000 271.614 0.000 185.975 0.000 98.690 0.000
Growth rate at 90 d 0.634 0.428 0.355 0.553 1484.897 0.000 318.049 0.000 328.463 0.000 236.695 0.000 122.449 0.000
Growth rate at 105 d 0.309 0.579 0.043 0.835 2350.277 0.000 423.336 0.000 418.416 0.000 305.089 0.000 147.558 0.000
Growth rate at 120 d 0.400 0.641 0.041 0.840 3000.697 0.000 560.374 0.000 541.501 0.000 414.367 0.000 195.538 0.000
Photosynthesis at day time 5.333 0.020 1.877 0.174 358.918 0.000 2.074 0.153 0.548 0.461 0.011 0.915 0.009 0.926
Photosynthesis at night time 10.303 0.002 9.872 0.002 147.497 0.000 0.364 0.548 0.046 0.830 0.892 0.347 3.298 0.072
Transpiration at day time 0.046 0.831 0.380 0.539 1444.785 0.000 0.203 0.654 1.698 0.196 0.182 0.671 0.128 0.721
Transpiration at night time 0.707 0.402 0.474 0.493 192.021 0.000 0.132 0.717 0.124 0.726 0.078 0.780 0.408 0.524
Stomatal conductance at day time 4.438 0.038 1.017 0.316 534.654 0.000 0.339 0.562 1.635 0.204 0.000 0.993 0.136 0.713
Stomatal conductance at night time 3.726 0.056 0.390 0.539 798.901 0.000 0.973 0.326 0.001 0.977 0.540 0.464 0.218 0.642
Water use efficiency at day time 6.700 0.011 4.054 0.047 97.201 0.000 1.121 0.292 9.660 0.002 8.930 0.004 1.996 0.161
Water use efficiency at night time 14.203 0.000 13.829 0.000 100.683 0.000 1.167 0.283 0.496 0.483 1.091 0.161 1.797 0.183
Table 2 Effects of O. ficus-indica type, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), soil water available (SWA), and their interaction on the morphological traits of daughter cladodes (n=108)
Factor Treatment Hyphal Arbuscular Vesicular
Type Spiny (%) 66.67±1.00a 32.74±0.56a 29.93±0.63a
Spineless (%) 66.67±0.98a 33.94±0.60a 30.63±0.64a
F 0.000 0.355 0.306
P 1.000 0.671 0.806
SWA T1 (%) 88.89±0.00a 45.37±0.45a 41.33±0.52a
T2 (%) 77.78±0.00b 40.87±0.36b 39.10±0.29b
T3 (%) 55.56±0.00c 27.25±0.27c 24.54±0.23c
T4 (%) 44.44±0.00d 19.88±0.21d 16.18±0.13d
F 5.341 1207.443 1346.818
P 0.000 0.000 0.000
Type×SWA F 30.333 22.257 22.347
P 0.000 0.000 0.000
Table 3 Effects of O. ficus-indica type, soil water available (SWA), and their interaction on the root colonization
Fig. 2 Effect of interaction of O. ficus-indica type (spiny or spineless), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; absent or present), and soil water available (SWA) on biomass (a), area (b), height (c), thickness (d), breadth (e), and number of areoles (f) of O. ficus-indica cladodes after 18 months of growth in the greenhouse. T1, 0%-25% SWA; T2, 25%-50% SWA; T3, 50%-75% SWA; T4, 75%-100% SWA. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 3 Effect of interaction of O. ficus-indica type (spiny or spineless), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; absent or present), and soil water available (SWA) on morphological traits both during night time (a, c, e, and g) and day time (b, d, f, and h) of O. ficus-indica cladodes after 18 months of growth in the greenhouse. PWUE, photosynthetic water use efficiency; T1, 0%-25% SWA; T2, 25%-50% SWA; T3, 50%-75% SWA; T4, 75%-100% SWA. Bars are standard errors.
Time Photosynthesis (μmol/(cm2•s)) Transpiration (mmol/(H2O m2•s)) stomatal conductance (mmol/(m2•s)) Water use efficiency (μmol/mmol)
Day 0.123±0.01b 9.72±0.48b 7.34±0.33b 0.01±0.00b
Night 6.65±0.27a 11.71±0.14a 31.72±1.00a 0.63±0.02a
F 306.980 167.319 251.990 305.366
P 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Table 4 Effect of time on physiological traits of O. ficus-indica daughter cladodes
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