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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (7): 842-857    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0060-1     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0060-1
Research article     
Stem sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron at different ages and its response to physical factors in the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone, China
QIANG Yuquan1,2,3, ZHANG Jinchun1,2,3,*(), XU Xianying1,2,3, LIU Hujun1,2, DUAN Xiaofeng1,2
1Minqin National Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem Studies, Minqin 733300, China
2Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou 730000, China
3College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract  

Haloxylon ammodendron, with its tolerance of drought, high temperature, and salt alkali conditions, is one of the main sand-fixing plant species in the oasis-desert transition zone in China. This study used the TDP30 (where TDP is the thermal dissipation probe) to measure hourly and daily variations in the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at three age-classes (10, 15, and 20 years old, which were denoted as H10, H15, and H20, respectively) in the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone, China, from May through October 2020. By simultaneously monitoring temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetically active radiation, wind speed, net radiation, rainfall, and soil moisture in this region, we comprehensively investigated the stem sap flow velocity of different-aged H. ammodendron plants (H10, H15, and H20) and revealed its response to physical factors. The results showed that, on sunny days, the hourly variation curves of the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron plants at the three age-classes were mainly unimodal. In addition, the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron plants decreased significantly from September to October, which also delayed its peak time of hourly variation. On rainy days, the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron plants was multimodal and significantly lower than that on sunny days. Average daily water consumption of H. ammodendron plants at H10, H15, and H20 was 1.98, 2.82, and 1.91 kg/d, respectively. Temperature was the key factor affecting the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at all age-classes. Net radiation was the critical factor influencing the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at H10 and H15; however, for that at H20, it was vapor pressure deficit. The stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron was highly significantly correlated with soil moisture at the soil depths of 50 and 100 cm, and the correlation was strengthened with increasing stand age. Altogether, our results revealed the dynamic changes of the stem sap flow velocity in different-aged H. ammodendron forest stands and its response mechanism to local physical factors, which provided a theoretical basis for the construction of new protective forests as well as the restoration and protection of existing ones in this region and other similar arid regions in the world.

Key words： Haloxylon ammodendron      stem sap flow      stand age      soil moisture      water consumption      Minqin oasis-desert transition zone     
Received: 01 December 2022      Published: 31 July 2023
Corresponding Authors: *ZHANG Jinchun (E-mail: junchunzhang@163.com)
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QIANG Yuquan
ZHANG Jinchun
XU Xianying
LIU Hujun
DUAN Xiaofeng
Cite this article:

QIANG Yuquan, ZHANG Jinchun, XU Xianying, LIU Hujun, DUAN Xiaofeng. Stem sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron at different ages and its response to physical factors in the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(7): 842-857.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0060-1     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I7/842

Fig. 1 Overview of the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone at the southeastern edge of the Badain Jaran Desert and locations of sampled H. ammodendron forest stands as well as the field photos of H10 (b), H15 (c) and H20 (d). H10, H15, and H20 are H. ammodendron forest stands with different afforestation ages of 10, 15, and 20 years old, respectively. The Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS images were downloaded from Geospatial Data Cloud.
Forest stand No. of the individual Probe model Plant height
(cm)		 Stem ground diameter
(cm)		 Canopy diameter (N×S)
(cm×cm)		 Stand density
(plants/hm2)		 Soil moisture
at 0-100 cm depth
(%)
H10 S1 TDP30 130 3.27 135×105 853.00±172.57 2.00±1.19
S2 TDP30 170 3.41 165×150
S3 TDP30 165 3.72 160×140
S4 TDP30 170 3.81 150×155
H15 S1 TDP30 250 5.08 260×190 88.00±162.86 2.90±1.45
S2 TDP30 290 5.33 230×280
S3 TDP30 290 5.85 300×290
S4 TDP30 380 7.85 385×370
H20 S1 TDP30 222 8.49 205×140 46.00±247.09 2.03±1.42
S2 TDP30 310 8.86 155×180
S3 TDP30 280 9.13 210×195
S4 TDP30 251 9.54 251×147
Table 1 Basic information of the sampled Haloxylon ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20)
Fig. 2 Dynamics of seven meteorological factors during the growing season (from 1 May to 31 October) of 2020. (a), temperature; (b), relative humidity (RH); (c), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); (d) wind speed; (e), vapor pressure deficit (VPD); (f), surface net radiation (Rn); (g), rainfall.
Fig. 3 Hourly dynamics in the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20) on sunny days of 20 May (a), 17 June (b), 15 July (c), 20 August (d), 16 September (e), and 21 October (f). Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 4 Hourly dynamics in the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20) on rainy days of 26 May (a), 20 June (b), 10 July (c), and 24 August (d).
Fig. 5 Daily dynamics in the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20) during the growing season from 1 May to 31 October. (a), H10; (b) H15; (c), H20.
Fig. 6 Variations in the average daily water consumption of H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20) in each month of the growing season (from May to October) as well as the total water consumption. AV is the average daily water consumption averaged throughout the growing season, and TWC is the total water consumption throughout the growing season. In the analysis of variance, different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at P<0.05 level among the H. ammodendron at different ages for the same period. Bars mean standard errors.
Forest stand Variable N Cronbach's Alpha KMO
H10 Meteorological factors 5 0.716 0.784
H15 Meteorological factors 5 0.803 0.722
H20 Meteorological factors 5 0.701 0.677
Table 2 Reliability and validity test statistics of sample data for the structural equation model (SEM) for H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20)
Fig. 7 Path diagram of the structural equation model (SEM) showing the response of the stem flow velocity of H. ammodendron to meteorological factors during the growing season. ** indicates statistically significant correlation at P<0.01 level; * indicates statistically significant correlation at P<0.05 level; e1 to e6 represent residual variables; the number 1 represents the factor load; the value in parentheses represents the root mean square of the residuals ; the variable pointed by the arrow is an endogenous variable.
Criterion layer Index layer Weight
H10 H15 H20
Meteorological factors Temperature 0.300 0.277 0.284
RH 0.143 0.149 0.116
Rn 0.214 0.229 0.202
Wind speed 0.151 0.162 0.152
VPD 0.192 0.183 0.246
Table 3 Calculation results of the meteorological factors' weights for H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20)
Forest stand Weather Temperature RH Rn VPD Wind speed
Stem sap flow velocity H10 Sunny days 0.728** -0.755** 0.812** -0.745** 0.517**
Rainy days 0.329 -0.518** 0.523** -0.547** 0.451**
H15 Sunny days 0.625** -0.691** 0.665** -0.769** 0.646**
Rainy days 0.437* -0.457** 0.417** -0.542** 0.648**
H20 Sunny days 0.553** -0.517* 0.676** -0.684** 0.531**
Rainy days 0.409* -0.423** 0.551** -0.453** 0.515**
Table 4 Correlation analysis of hourly-scale stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20) and meteorological factors
Stem sap flow velocity
Sunny days Rainy days
H10 H15 H20 H10 H15 H20
Soil moisture 5 cm 0.012 -0.158 0.162 0.243 0.216 0.284
20 cm -0.049 -0.237 0.109 0.182 0.155 0.171
50 cm -0.760** -0.523** -0.429** 0.291 0.227 0.174
100 cm 0.736** 0.674** 0.589** 0.194 0.215 0.248
Table 5 Correlation analysis between the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at different ages (H10, H15, and H20) and soil moisture at different depths
H. ammodendron
type		 Monitoring time Place Method Diameter
(cm)		 Daily water consumption (kg/d) Total water consumption (kg) Reference
Native April to September Gurbantunggut Desert,
China		 HPV 7.80-9.00 2.50-4.60 400-500 Sun et al. (2010)
Native June to November Badain Jaran Desert,
China		 TMD 9.90-13.66 2.50-4.61 400-501 Zhang et al. (2017)
Native May to September Gurbantunggut Desert,
China		 TMD 4.55-9.55 2.50-4.62 400-502 Li et al. (2017)
Artificial May to September Ulan Buhe Desert,
China		 TMD 7.00-12.50 2.50-4.63 400-503 Huang et al. (2020)
Artificial June to September Shihezi University Agricultural testing ground, China TMD 15.70-21.50 2.50-4.64 400-504 Yang et al. (2018)
Table 6 Comparison of the water consumption of H. ammodendron plants studied in the different regions
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