Please wait a minute...
Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (11): 1290-1314    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0073-9
Research article     
Evaluation of restoration success in arid rangelands of Iran based on the variation of ecosystem services
Mohsen SHARAFATMANDRAD*(), Azam KHOSRAVI MASHIZI
Department of Ecological Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft 7867161167, Iran
Download: HTML     PDF(984KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

The plantation of non-native species is one of the most expensive ecological restoration measures in arid and semi-arid areas, while its impacts on local communities are largely ignored. This study assessed the rate of change and the dynamic degree of the economic values of ecosystem services related to local conservation (water yield, stocking rate and aesthetic value) and preserving the future (carbon sequestration, soil protection, soil stability and habitat provision) to determine the restoration success of the plantation of non-native species Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey.) Bunge ex Fenzl (15- and 30-year-old) in parts of arid rangelands of Bardsir region, Kerman Province, Iran. We investigated the impacts of the two plantations on the seven ecosystem services and ecosystem structures (horizontal and vertical structures, vegetation composition and species diversity) based on field sampling and measurements at four sampling sites (i.e., control, degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites) in spring and summer of 2022. The restoration success of the plantation of non-native species was then examined by assessing the rate of change and the dynamic degree of the total economic value of all ecosystem services as well as the rate of change and the dynamic degree of the economic values of ecosystem services for the two groups (local conservation and preserving the future). Although the plantation of non-native species H. ammodendron enormously improved the vertical and horizontal structures of ecosystems, it failed to increase species diversity and richness fully. Further, despite the plantation of non-native species H. ammodendron had significantly increased the economic values of all ecosystem services, it was only quite successful in restoring carbon sequestration. Path analysis showed that plantation age had a significant impact on restoration success directly and indirectly (through changing ecosystem structures and services). The dynamic degree of the economic values of ecosystem services related to local conservation and preserving the future at the 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites indicated that the two plantations successfully restored the ecosystem services related to preserving the future. The presented method can help managers select the best restoration practices and predict their ecological-social success, especially for the plantation of high-risk non-native species in arid and semi-arid areas.

Key words： Haloxylon ammodendron      restoration success      ecosystem services      ecosystem structures      arid ecosystems      path analysis      Iran     
Received: 14 April 2023      Published: 30 November 2023
Corresponding Authors: * Mohsen SHARAFATMANDRAD (E-mail: mohsen.sharafatmandrad@gmail.com)
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
Mohsen SHARAFATMANDRAD
Azam KHOSRAVI MASHIZI
Cite this article:

Mohsen SHARAFATMANDRAD, Azam KHOSRAVI MASHIZI. Evaluation of restoration success in arid rangelands of Iran based on the variation of ecosystem services. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(11): 1290-1314.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0073-9     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I11/1290

Height (m) Height class Height (m) Height class
1.50-2.00 4 0.00-0.50 1
2.00-2.50 5 0.50-1.00 2
2.50-3.00 6 1.00-1.50 3
Table 1 Height classes of patches (perennials and litter) based on Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) method
Service category Service type Reference
Provisioning services Stocking rate Havstad et al. (2007)
Water yield
Regulating services Carbon sequestration Pan et al. (2013)
Soil protection
Cultural service Aesthetic value van Zanten et al. (2016)
Supporting services Habitat provision de Groot et al. (2002); Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Soil stability
Table 2 Ecosystem services quantified in this study
Fig. 1 Distribution of canopy volume in different height classes at the control site (a), degraded site (b), 15-year-old plantation site (c), and 30-year-old plantation site (d)
30-year-old plantation site 15-year-old plantation site Degraded site Control site Horizontal structure
44.21±3.12b 31.20±1.32b 14.32±2.31a 41.21±1.23c Perennials Relative area of patches (%)
8.56±2.14b 6.23±1.34b 1.34±1.65a 8.32±3.45b Litter
47.23±3.12a 62.57±3.21b 84.34±3.12c 50.47±3.12a Bare open soil Relative area of inter-patches (%)
0.73 0.68 0.34 0.86 LOI
Table 3 Characteristics of horizontal structure at the control, degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites
30-year-old plantation site 15-year-old plantation site Degraded site Control site Index
2.14±1.03a 1.12±0.56a 1.05±0.56a 3.56±2.40a Shrubs Vegetation cover (%)
3.13±1.02a 1.23±0.35a 10.25±1.32b 27.30±3.65b Subshrubs
3.24±1.32a 3.21±1.20a 3.23±0.35a 4.23±0.56a Herbs
37.23±5.37c 25.23±5.36b 0.00±0.00a 0.00±0.00a Small trees
0.58±0.14b 0.52±0.13b 0.21±0.06a 0.65±0.13c D Species diversity
13±5b 12±4b 8±5a 26±3c Richness
Table 4 Vegetation cover and species diversity at the control, degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites
Fig. 2 Variations in ecosystem services of stocking rate (a), soil stability (b), soil protection (c), carbon sequestration (d), aesthetic value (e), water yield (f) and habitat provision (g) at the control, degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites
Economic value (USD/hm2) Ecosystem service
30-year-old plantation site 15-year-old plantation site Degraded site Control site
128.40±18.95c 89.80±13.54b 18.40±2.32a 329.20±42.54d Stocking rate
103.38±9.16b 98.10±14.23b 49.38±8.23a 134.03±41.57c Water yield
827.80±98.20d 445.10±70.50b 228.30±71.70a 653.30±85.21c Carbon sequestration
11.67±1.06b 8.38±1.05a 6.74±0.75a 12.48±1.41b Soil protection
8.35±0.38b 5.35±0.34b 3.21±0.23a 10.21±1.35c Habitat provision
13.25±1.54c 9.38±1.23b 5.68±0.35a 14.23±0.35c Soil stability
12.32±4.39b 10.25±3.25b 4.21±1.23a 18.35±2.68c Aesthetic value
Table 5 Economic values of ecosystem services at the control, degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites
Fig. 3 Rates of change in horizontal and vertical structures and species diversity at the degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites compared to the control site. Error bars represent standard deviations.
Rate of change (%) Ecosystem service
30-year-old plantation site 15-year-old plantation site Degraded site
-61.00±8.65 -73.00±12.32 -94.00±2.32 Livestock rate
-23.00±5.68 -27.00±8.23 -63.17±8.21 Water yield
26.00±4.35 -31.00±5.32 -65.78±4.23 Carbon sequestration
-06.00±3.20 -32.00±7.65 -46.00±5.65 Soil protection
-18.00±2.35 -47.00±2.35 -68.00±4.35 Habitat provision
-7.00±1.32 -34.00±3.68 -60.00±2.31 Soil stability
-32.00±03.68 -44.00±6.98 -77.00±6.23 Aesthetic value
Table 6 Rates of change in the economic values of the seven ecosystem services at the degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites compared to the control site
Fig. 4 Rates of change in the economic values of ecosystem services related to the two groups (local conservation and preserving the future) and in the total economic value of all ecosystem services at the degraded, and 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites compared to the control site. Error bars represent standard deviations.
Fig. 5 Dynamic degrees of the economic values of ecosystem services related to the two groups (local conservation and preserving the future) and of the total economic value of all ecosystem services at the 15- and 30-year-old plantation sites compared to the degraded site. Error bars represent standard deviations.
Fig. 6 Correlations between ecosystem structures and ecosystem services
F Adjusted R2 t Standardized beta Dependent variable Independent variable
12.35** 0.85 Model 1
13.24** 0.46 Restoration success Plantation age
8.35** 0.34 Vertical structure
3.21* 0.25 Horizontal structure
-9.31** -0.37 Vegetation composition
7.21** 0.33 Species diversity
3.20* 0.23 Provisioning services
10.23** 0.39 Regulating services
8.35** 0.34 Supporting services
4.32** 0.27 Cultural services
10.09** 0.83 Model 2
9.35** 0.43 Plantation age Vertical structure
5.28** 0.30 Horizontal structure
-7.23** -0.39 Vegetation composition
6.08** 0.32 Species diversity
7.13** 0.79 Model 3
4.85** 0.37 Plantation age Provisioning services
7.28** 0.47 Regulating services
5.32** 0.40 Supporting services
3.68* 0.30 Cultural service
Table 7 Direct and indirect impacts of restoration success drivers based on path analysis
t Standardized beta Impact Restoration success driver
13.24** 0.46 Direct impact Plantation age
7.67** 0.27 Indirect impact through ecosystem structures
6.34** 0.21 Indirect impact through ecosystem services
18.34** 0.90 Total impact
Table 8 Standardized impacts of plantation age on restoration success
[1]   AbdelRahman M A E. 2023. An overview of land degradation, desertification and sustainable land management using GIS and remote sensing applications. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 34: 767-808.
[2]   Abdi E, Saleh H R, Majnonian B, et al. 2019. Soil fixation and erosion control by Haloxylon persicum roots in arid lands, Iran. Journal of Arid Land, 11(1): 86-96.
doi: 10.1007/s40333-018-0021-2
[3]   Ahmadi kareh H, Naseri H R, Heshmati G H A. 2013. Comparison of carbon sequestration quantity in Haloxylon aphyllum and Stipagrostis plumosa in Iran desert area. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21(8): 1190-1193.
[4]   Arokh M, Nikbakhat R, Dehghani R, et al. 2021. Investigating the environmental status of Haloxylon plantations in Aran va bidgol deserts (Isfahan-Iran). International Archives of Health Sciences, 8(1): 31-36.
[5]   Ata Rezaei S, Arzani H, Tongway D. 2006. Assessing rangeland capability in Iran using landscape function indices based on soil surface attributes. Journal of Arid Environments, 65(3): 460-473.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.08.003
[6]   Avtar R, Suzuki R, Sawada H. 2014. Natural forest biomass estimation based on plantation information using PALSAR data. PLoS ONE, 9(1): e86121, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086121.
[7]   Baker A C, Murray B R. 2012. Seasonal intrusion of litterfall from non-native pine plantations into surrounding native woodland: Implications for management of an invasive plantation species. Forest Ecology and Management, 277: 25-37.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.009
[8]   Baldwin T, Ritten J P, Derner J D, et al. 2022. Stocking rate and marketing dates for yearling steers grazing rangelands: Can producers do things differently to increase economic net benefits? Rangelands, 44(4): 251-257.
doi: 10.1016/j.rala.2022.04.002
[9]   Beldini T P, Mcnabb K L, Lockaby B G, et al. 2010. The effect of Amazonian Eucalyptus plantations on soil aggregates and organic matter density fractions. Soil Use and Management, 26(1): 53-60.
doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00248.x
[10]   Bravo S P, Berrondo M O, Cueto V R. 2019. Are small abandoned plantations a threat for protected areas in Andean forests? The potential invasion of non-native cultivated species. Acta Oecologica, 95: 128-134.
doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.11.002
[11]   Brown G. 2003. Factors maintaining plant diversity in degraded areas of northern Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(1): 183-194.
doi: 10.1006/jare.2001.0880
[12]   Bullock J M, Aronson J, Newton A C, et al. 2011. Restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity: conflicts and opportunities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26(10): 541-549.
doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.06.011
[13]   Camarero J J, Gazol A, Linares J C, et al. 2021. Differences in temperature sensitivity and drought recovery between natural stands and plantations of conifers are species-specific. Science of the Total Environment, 796: 148930, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148930.
[14]   Ceccon E, Méndez-Toribio M, Martínez-Garza C. 2020. Social participation in forest restoration projects: Insights from a national assessment in Mexico. Human Ecology, 48(5): 609-617.
doi: 10.1007/s10745-020-00178-w
[15]   Chee Y E. 2004. An ecological perspective on the valuation of ecosystem services. Biological Conservation, 120(4): 549-565.
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.028
[16]   Coupland R T. 1992. Ecosystems of the World 8A. Natural Grasslands:Introduction and Western Hemisphere. New York: Elsevier, 1-64.
[17]   Cuong C V, Lamb D, Hockings M. 2013. Simple plantations have the potential to enhance biodiversity in degraded areas of Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam. Natural Areas Journal, 33(2): 139-147.
doi: 10.3375/043.033.0203
[18]   Dai E, Zhu J J, Wang X L, et al. 2018. Multiple ecosystem services of monoculture and mixed plantations: A case study of the Huitong experimental forest of Southern China. Land Use Policy, 79: 717-724.
doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.08.014
[19]   Dai Y, Wang H W, Shi Q D. 2022. Contrasting plant water-use responses to groundwater depth from seedlings to mature trees in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Journal of Hydrology, 610: 127986, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127986.
[20]   de Groot R S, Wilson M A, Boumans R. 2002. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41(3): 393-408.
doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7
[21]   Dee L E, De Lara M, Costello C, et al. 2017. To what extent can ecosystem services motivate protecting biodiversity? Ecological Letters, 20(8): 935-946.
doi: 10.1111/ele.2017.20.issue-8
[22]   Dehghani Bidgoli R, Keshavarz A. 2018. Landscape Function Analysis to assess the grazing effect on some soil features in arid ecosystem. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal, 7(1): 37-42.
[23]   Delgado L E, Marín V H. 2020. Ecosystem services and ecosystem degradation: Environmentalist's expectation? Ecosystem Services, 45: 101177, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101177.
[24]   Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin F S III, et al. 2006. Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biology, 4(8): e277, doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277.
pmid: 16895442
[25]   Du H Q, Liu X F, Jia X P, et al. 2022. Assessment of the effects of ecological restoration projects on soil wind erosion in northern China in the past two decades. CATENA, 215: 106360, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106360.
[26]   Ebrahimi M, Mohammadi F, Fakhireh A, et al. 2019. Effect of Haloxylon spp. with different age classes on vegetation cover and soil properties in an arid desert steppe of Iran. Pedosphere, 29(5): 619-631.
doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60378-3
[27]   El-Wahab R H A, Al-Rashed A R, Al-Hamad Y. 2014. Conservation condition of Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss. in degraded desert habitats of northern Kuwait. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(10): 310-325.
[28]   Elmefregy M, El-Sheikh M A. 2020. Ecological status of sand binder plant white saxaul (Haloxylon persicum) at the managed area of Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 18(2): 2781-2794.
doi: 10.15666/aeer
[29]   Emamian A, Rashki A, Kaskaoutis D G, et al. 2021. Assessing vegetation restoration potential under different land uses and climatic classes in northeast Iran. Ecological Indicators, 122: 107325, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107325.
[30]   Fan B L, Zhang A P, Yang Y, et al. 2016a. Long-term effects of xerophytic shrub Haloxylon ammodendron plantations on soil properties and vegetation dynamics in northwest China. PLoS ONE, 11(12): e0168000, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168000.
[31]   Fan Y, Chen J Q, Shirkey G, et al. 2016b. Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. Ecological Processes, 5: 19, doi: 10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3.
[32]   Farahat E, Linderholm H W. 2012. Ecological impacts of desert plantation forests on biodiversity. African Journal of Ecology, 50(3): 308-318.
doi: 10.1111/aje.2012.50.issue-3
[33]   Fonseca W, Alice F E, Rey-Benayas J M. 2012. Carbon accumulation in aboveground and belowground biomass and soil of different age native forest plantations in the humid tropical lowlands of Costa Rica. New Forests, 43: 197-211.
doi: 10.1007/s11056-011-9273-9
[34]   Fryrear D W. 1995. Soil losses by wind erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59(3): 668-672.
doi: 10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900030005x
[35]   Gann G D, McDonald T, Walder B, et al. 2019. International principles and standards for the practice of ecological restoration. Second edition. Restoration Ecology, 27(S1): S1-S46, doi: 10.1111/rec.13035.
[36]   Gao J, Li F, Gao H, et al. 2017. The impact of land-use change on water-related ecosystem services: a study of the Guishui River basin, Beijing, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163: S148-S155.
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.049
[37]   García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, Iniesta-Arandia I, et al. 2012. The role of multi-functionality in social preferences toward semi-arid rural landscapes: An ecosystem service approach. Environmental Science & Policy, 19-20: 136-146.
[38]   Gazol A, Camarero J J. 2016. Functional diversity enhances silver fir growth resilience to an extreme drought. Journal of Ecology, 104(4): 1063-1075.
doi: 10.1111/jec.2016.104.issue-4
[39]   Grossiord C. 2020. Having the right neighbors: how tree species diversity modulates drought impacts on forests. New Phytologist, 228(1): 42-49.
doi: 10.1111/nph.v228.1
[40]   Gürlük S. 2006. The estimation of ecosystem services' value in the region of Misi Rural Development Project: Results from a contingent valuation survey. Forest Policy and Economics, 9(3): 209-218.
doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2005.07.007
[41]   Harrington R A, Ewel J J. 1997. Invasibility of tree plantations by native and non-indigenous plant species in Hawaii. Forest Ecology and Management, 99(1-2): 153-162.
doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00201-6
[42]   Havstad K M, Peters D P C, Skaggs R, et al. 2007. Ecological services to and from rangelands of the United States. Ecological Economics, 64(2): 261-268.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.08.005
[43]   Himes A, Puettmann K, Murac B. 2020. Trade-offs between ecosystem services along gradients of tree species diversity and values. Ecosystem Services, 44: 101133, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2020.101133.
[44]   Vu Ho K, Kroel-Dulay G, Tolgyesi C, et al. 2023. Non-native tree plantations are weak substitutes for near-natural forests regarding plant diversity and ecological value. Forest Ecology and Management, 531: 120789, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120789.
[45]   Holechek J I, Galt D. 2000. Grazing intensity guidelines. Rangelands, 22(3): 11-14.
[46]   Hooper D U, Chapin F S, Ewel J J, et al. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a concensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs, 75(1): 3-35.
doi: 10.1890/04-0922
[47]   Hoque M Z, Cui S H, Islam I, et al. 2021. Dynamics of plantation forest development and ecosystem carbon storage change in coastal Bangladesh. Ecological Indicators, 130: 107954, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107954.
[48]   Hu D, Lv G H, Qie Y D, et al. 2021. Response of morphological characters and photosynthetic characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron to water and salt stress. Sustainability, 13(1): 388, doi: 10.3390/su13010388.
[49]   Huang W W, Fonti P, Larsen J B, et al. 2017. Projecting tree-growth responses into future climate: a study case from a Danish-wide common garden. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 247: 240-251.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.07.016
[50]   Jafari M, Nik Nahad H, Arfanzadeh R. 2004. Investigating the effects of Haloxylon aphyllum on some soil and vegetation characteristics (Case study: Hossein Abad Region, Qom Province). Desert Journal, 8(1): 152-162. (in Persian)
[51]   Kareh H A, Naseri H R, Heshmati G H A. 2013. Comparison of carbon sequestration quantity in Haloxylon aphyllum and Stipagrostis plumose in Iran Desert Area. World Applied Sciences Journal, 21(8): 1190-1193.
[52]   Keesstra S, Nunes J, Novara A, et al. 2018. The superior effect of nature based solutions in land management for enhancing ecosystem services. Science of the Total Environment, 610-611: 997-1009.
[53]   Kelty M J. 2006. The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry. Forest Ecology and Management, 233(2-3): 195-204.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.011
[54]   Keneshloo M, Nikoo Sh, Kianian M K. 2018. Effects of planting Haloxylon aphyllum on carbon sequestration rate and some soil properties in an arid region in Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 4(11): 1-7
[55]   Kotzen B. 2003. An investigation of shade under six different tree species of the Negev Desert towards their potential use for enhancing microclimatic condition in landscape architectural development. Journal of Arid Environments, 55(2): 231-274.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00030-2
[56]   Kumar R, Bhatnagar P R, Kakade V, et al. 2020. Tree plantation and soil water conservation enhances climate resilience and carbon sequestration of agro ecosystem in semi-arid degraded ravine lands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 282-283: 107857, doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107857.
[57]   Kumi J A, Kyereh B, Ansong M, et al. 2021. Influence of management practices on stand biomass, carbon stocks and soil nutrient variability of tea plantations in a dry semi-deciduous forest in Ghana. Trees, Forests and People, 3: 100049, doi: 10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100049.
[58]   Lal R, Delgado J A, Groffman P M, et al. 2011. Management to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 66(4): 276-285.
doi: 10.2489/jswc.66.4.276
[59]   Lande R, Arnold S J. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution, 37(6): 1210-1226.
doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb00236.x pmid: 28556011
[60]   Larjavaara M. 2008. A review on benefits and disadvantages of tree diversity. The Open Forest Science Journal, 1: 24-26.
doi: 10.2174/1874398600801010024
[61]   Liniger H, Studer R M, Hauert C, et al. 2011. Sustainable land management in practice: Guidelines and best practices for Sub-Saharan Africa. TerrAfrica: World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
[62]   Liu C L C, Kuchma O, Krutovsky K V. 2018a. Mixed-species versus monocultures in plantation forestry: Development, benefits, ecosystem services and perspectives for the future. Global Ecology and Conservation, 15: e00419, doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00419.
[63]   Liu X P, Chen X, Hua K P, et al. 2018b. Effects of land use change on ecosystem services in arid area ecological migration. Chinese Geographical Science, 28: 894-906.
doi: 10.1007/s11769-018-0971-5
[64]   Liu Z, Zhang T T, Yu J N, et al. 2019. Determinants of rural households' afforestation program participation: Evidence from China's Ningxia and Sichuan provinces. Global Ecology and Conservation, 17: e00533, doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00533.
[65]   Löbmann M T, Maring L, Prokop G, et al. 2022. Systems knowledge for sustainable soil and land management. Science of the Total Environment, 822, 153389, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153389.
[66]   Löfqvist S, Kleinschroth F, Bey A, et al. 2022. How social considerations improve the equity and effectiveness of ecosystem restoration. BioScience, 73(2): 134-148.
doi: 10.1093/biosci/biac099
[67]   Loni A, Radnezhad H, Martynova-van Kley A, et al. 2018. The role of Haloxylon plantations in improving carbon sequestration potential of sand dunes of Iran. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(1): 321-333.
doi: 10.15666/aeer
[68]   Ma Q L, Wang X Y, Chen F, et al. 2021. Carbon sequestration of sand-fixing plantation of Haloxylon ammodendron in Shiyang River Basin: Storage, rate and potential. Global ecology and conservation, 28: e01607, doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01607.
[69]   Marquart A, Eldridge D J, Travers S K, et al. 2019. Large shrubs partly compensate negative effects of grazing on hydrological function in a semi-arid savanna. Basic and Applied Ecology, 38: 58-68.
doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.06.003
[70]   Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being:Synthesis. Washington: Island Press, 1-155.
[71]   Navarro-Cerrillo R M, Manzanedo R D, Rodriguez-Vallejo C, et al. 2020. Competition modulates the response of growth to climate in pure and mixed Abies pinsapo subsp. Maroccana forests in northern Morocco. Forest Ecology and Management, 459: 117847, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117847.
[72]   Ninan K N, Inoue M. 2013. Valuing forest ecosystem services: Case study of a forest reserve in Japan. Ecosystem Services, 5: 78-87.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.02.006
[73]   Ninot J M, Carrillo E, Font X, et al. 2007. Altitude zonation in the Pyrenees. A geobotanic interpretation. Phytocoenologia, 37(3-4): 371-398.
doi: 10.1127/0340-269X/2007/0037-0371
[74]   Ouyang Z Y, Zheng H, Xiao Y, et al. 2016. Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital. Science, 352(6292): 1455-1459.
doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2295 pmid: 27313045
[75]   Pan S L, Zhang Q M, Meyer-Baese A. 2021. Dynamic analysis of a soil organic matter and plant system with reaction-diffusion. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 146: 110883, doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.110883.
[76]   Pan Y, Xu Z R, Wu J X. 2013. Spatial differences of the supply of multiple ecosystem services and the environmental and land use factors affecting them. Ecosystem Services, 5: 4-10.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.06.002
[77]   Peñuelas J, Filella I. 2001. Responses to a warming world. Science, 294(5543): 793-795.
doi: 10.1126/science.1066860 pmid: 11679652
[78]   Polley H W, Collins H P, Fay P A. 2020. Biomass production and temporal stability are similar in switchgrass monoculture and diverse grassland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 142: 105758, doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105758.
[79]   Pretzsch H, Schütze G. 2016. Effect of tree species mixing on the size structure, density, and yield of forest stands. European Journal of Forest Research, 135(1): 1-22.
doi: 10.1007/s10342-015-0913-z
[80]   Quijas S, Schmid B, Balvaner P. 2010. Plant diversity enhances provision of ecosystem services: A new synthesis. Basic and Applied Ecology, 11(7): 582-593
doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.06.009
[81]   Randriambanona H, Randriamalala J R, Carrière S M. 2019. Native forest regeneration and vegetation dynamics in non-native Pinus patula tree plantations in Madagascar. Forest Ecology and Management, 446: 20-28.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.019
[82]   Rathore V S, Singh J P, Bhardwaj S, et al. 2015. Potential of native shrubs Haloxylon salicornicum and Calligonum polygonoides for restoration of degraded lands in arid western Rajasthan, India. Environmental Management, 55(1): 205-216.
doi: 10.1007/s00267-014-0372-1 pmid: 25239772
[83]   Reale R, Ribas L C, Magro Lindenkamp T C. 2022. Ecosystem services as a ballast to guide sustained economic growth by biodiversity conservation actions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 358: 131846, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131846.
[84]   Rédei T, Csecserits A, Lhotsky B, et al. 2020. Plantation forests cannot support the richness of forest specialist plants in the forest-steppe zone. Forest Ecology and Management, 461: 117964, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117964.
[85]   Reisman-Berman O, Keasar T, Tel-Zur N. 2019. Native and non-native species for dryland afforestation: bridging ecosystem integrity and livelihood support. Annals of Forest Science, 76: 114, doi: 10.1007/s13595-019-0903-2.
[86]   Rewitzer S, Huber R, Grêt-Regamey A, et al. 2017. Economic valuation of cultural ecosystem service changes to a landscape in the Swiss Alps. Ecosystem Services, 26: 197-208.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.014
[87]   Reyers B, O'Farrell P J, Cowling R M, et al. 2009. Ecosystem services, land-cover change, and stakeholders: finding a sustainable foothold for a semiarid biodiversity hotspot. Ecology and Society, 14(1): 38, doi: 10.5751/ES-02867-140138.
[88]   Rivera-Pedroza L F, Escobar F, Philpott S M, et al. 2019. The role of natural vegetation strips in sugarcane monocultures: Ant and bird functional diversity responses. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 284: 106603, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2019.106603.
[89]   Robles A B, Passerat C B. 1995. Native forage shrub species in south-eastern Spain: forage species, forage phytomass, nutritive value and carrying capacity. Journal of Arid Environments, 30(2): 191-196.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80070-9
[90]   Saaed M, Jacobs S, Masubelele M L, et al. 2022. Does the landscape functionality approach provide insight into rangeland conditions in the Tanqua Karoo region, South Africa? PeerJ, 10: e13305, doi: 10.7717/peerj.13305.
[91]   Saco P M, Willgoose G R, Hancock G R. 2006. Eco-geomorphology and vegetation patterns in arid and semi-arid regions. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 3(4): 2559-2593.
[92]   Sannigrahi S, Zhang Q, Joshi P K, et al. 2020. Examining effects of climate change and land use dynamic on biophysical and economic values of ecosystem services of a natural reserve region. Journal of Cleaner Production, 257: 120424, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120424.
[93]   Santini F, Shestakova T A, Dashevskaya S, et al. 2020. Dendroecologicaland genetic insights for future management of an old-planted forest of the endangered Mediterraneanfir fir Abies pinsapo. Dendrochronologia, 63: 125754, doi: 10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125754.
[94]   Santos F M, Terra G, Piotto D, et al. 2021. Recovering ecosystem functions through the management of regenerating community in agroforestry and plantations with Khaya spp. in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 482: 118854, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118854.
[95]   Schmid B, Pfisterer A B, Balvanera P. 2009. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem, community, and population variables reported 1974-2004. Ecology, 90(3): 853, doi: 10.1890/08-1465.1.
[96]   Sharafatmandrad M, Khosravi Mashizi A. 2019. Efficacy of landscape function analysis to assess differences between grazed and ungrazed rangelands in an arid landscape. Range Management and Agroforestry, 40(2): 196-201.
[97]   Shrestha S, Shrestha U B. 2017. Beyond money: Does REDD+payment enhance household's participation in forest governance and management in Nepal's community forests? Forest Policy and Economics, 80: 63-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2017.03.005
[98]   Singh A K, Sahu C, Sahu S K. 2020. Carbon sequestration potential of a teak plantation forest in the Eastern Ghats of India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 41(4): 770-775.
doi: 10.22438/jeb/
[99]   Suarez A, Gwozdz W. 2023. On the relation between monocultures and ecosystem services in the Global South: A review. Biological Conservation, 278: 109870, doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109870.
[100]   Tamang M, Chettri R, Vineeta, et al. 2021. Stand structure, biomass and carbon storage in Gmelina arborea plantation at agricultural landscape in foothills of Eastern Himalayas. Land, 10(4), 387, doi: 10.3390/land10040387.
[101]   Tongway D J, Smith E L. 1989. Soil surface features as indicators of rangeland site productivity. Australian Rangeland Journal. 11(1): 15-20.
doi: 10.1071/RJ9890015
[102]   Tongway D J, Hindley N. 2003. Indicators of ecosystem rehabilitation success. Stage Two. Verification of EFA Indicators. Final Report for the Australian Center for Mining Environmental Research. Canberra: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, 1-66.
[103]   van der Plas F, Manning P, Allan E, et al. 2016. Jack-of-all-trades effects drive biodiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality relationships in European forests. Nature Communications, 7(1): 11109, doi: 10.1038/ncomms11109.
[104]   van Zanten B T, Zasada I, Koetse M J, et al. 2016. A comparative approach to assess the contribution of landscape features to aesthetic and recreational values in agricultural landscapes. Ecosystem Services, 17: 87-98.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.011
[105]   Vlasenko M V, Rybashlykova L P, Turko S Y. 2022. Restoration of degraded lands in the arid zone of the European part of Russia by the method of phytomelioration. Agriculture, 12(3): 437, doi: 10.3390/agriculture12030437.
[106]   Wang F M, Xu X, Zou B, et al. 2013. Biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in four different aged Casuarina equisetifolia coastal shelterbelt plantations in South China. PLoS ONE, 8: e77449, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077449.
[107]   Wang T, Dong L B, Liu Z G. 2022. Factors driving native tree species restoration in plantations and tree structure conversion in Chinese temperate forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 507: 119989, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119989.
[108]   Wickens D E, Goodin J R, Field D V. 1985. Plants for Arid Lands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-452.
[109]   Wolka K. 2014. Effect of soil and water conservation measures and challenges for its adoption: Ethiopia in focus. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7(4): 185-199.
doi: 10.3923/jest.2014.185.199
[110]   Wu H, Hu B, Han H, et al. 2022. Network analysis reveals the regulatory effect of mixed stands on ecosystem structure and functions in the Loess Plateau, China. Science of the Total Environment, 824: 153588, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153588.
[111]   Yahya M S, Atikah S N, Mukri I, et al. 2022. Agroforestry orchards support greater avian biodiversity than monoculture oil palm and rubber tree plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 513: 120177, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120177.
[112]   Yamaura Y, Yamada Y, Matsuura T, et al. 2021. Modeling impacts of broad-scale plantation forestry on ecosystem services in the past 60 years and for the future. Ecosystem Services, 49: 101271, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101271.
[113]   Yan Y, Zhao C L, Wang C X, et al. 2016. Ecosystem health assessment of the Liao River Basin upstream region based on ecosystem services. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(4): 294-300.
doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.06.005
[114]   Yang B Y, Ali A, Xu M S, et al. 2022. Large plants enhance aboveground biomass in arid natural forest and plantation along differential abiotic and biotic conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 999793, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999793.
[115]   Ye Myint Y, Sasaki N, Datta A, et al. 2021. Management of plantation forests for bioenergy generation, timber production, carbon emission reductions, and removals. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2: 100029, doi: 10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100029.
[116]   Yıldız O, Eşen D, Sargıncı M, et al. 2022. Restoration success in afforestation sites established at different times in arid lands of Central Anatolia. Forest Ecology and Management, 503: 119808, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119808.
[117]   Zamin N T, Machado S A, Filho A F, et al. 2013. Effect of climate variables on monthly growth in modeling biological yield of Araucaria angustifolia and Pinus taeda in the juvenile phase. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2013: 646759, doi: 10.1155/2013/646759.
[118]   Zeng Y L, Wu H L, Ouyang S A, et al. 2021. Ecosystem service multifunctionality of Chinese fir plantations differing in stand age and implications for sustainable management. Science of the Total Environment, 788: 147791, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147791.
[119]   Zhang F, Xing Z S, Rees H W, et al. 2014. Assessment of effects of two runoff control engineering practices on soil water and plant growth for afforestation in a semi-arid area after 10 years. Ecological Engineering, 64: 430-442.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.024
[120]   Zhang K, Su Y Z, Wang T, et al. 2016a. Soil properties and herbaceous characteristics in an age sequence of Haloxylon ammodendron plantations in an oasis-desert ecotone of northwestern China. Journal of Arid Land, 8(6): 960-972.
doi: 10.1007/s40333-016-0096-6
[121]   Zhang X, Zhang X L, Han H, et al. 2019. Biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration in an age-sequence of Mongolian pine plantations in Horqin Sandy Land, China. Forests, 10(2): 197, doi: 10.3390/f10020197.
[122]   Zhang Y, Zhang C B, Wang Z Q, et al. 2016b. Vegetation dynamics and its driving forces from climate change and human activities in the Three-River Source Region, China from 1982 to 2012. Science of the Total Environment, 563-564: 210-220.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.223
[123]   Zhou D M, Si J H, He X H. et al. 2022. The process of soil desiccation under Haloxylon ammodendron plantations: A case study of the Alxa Legue Desert, China. Plants, 11(3): 235, doi: 10.3390/plants11030235.
[124]   Zhou J J, Zhao Y R, Huang P, et al. 2020. Impacts of ecological restoration projects on the ecosystem carbon storage of inland river basin in arid area, China. Ecological Indicators, 118: 106803, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106803.
[125]   Zhu Y, Wang Y F, Chen L D. 2020. Effects of non-native tree plantations on soil microarthropods and their feeding activity on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Forest Ecology and Management, 477: 118501, doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118501.
[126]   Zhu Y J, Jia Z Q. 2011. Soil water utilization characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron plantation with different age during summer. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(6): 341-346.
doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.09.004
[127]   Allen-Wardell G, Bernhardt P, Bitner R, et al. 1998. The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields. Conservation Biology, 12(1): 8-17.
doi: 10.1111/cbi.1998.12.issue-1
[128]   Aneseyee A B, Elias E, Soromessa T, et al. 2019. Land use/land cover change effect on soil erosion and sediment delivery in the Winike watershed, Omo Gibe Basin, Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 728: 138776, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138776
[129]   Ariapour A, Mehrabi H R, Kheradmand G. 2015. Evaluating range plant species suitability for apiculture (Case study: rangeland Sarab Sefid, Boroujerd, Lorestan). Journal of Rangeland, 9: 142-158.
[130]   Ayana E K, Fisher J R B, Hamel P, et al. 2017. Identification of ditches and furrows using remote sensing: application to sediment modelling in the Tana watershed, Kenya. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 38(16): 4611-4630.
[131]   Balist J, Malekmohammadi B, Jafari H R, et al. 2022. Modeling the supply, demand, and stress of water resources using ecosystem services concept in Sirvan River Basin (Kurdistan-Iran). Water Supply, 22(3): 2816-2831.
doi: 10.2166/ws.2021.436
[132]   Bangash R F, Passuello A, Sanchez-Canales M, et al. 2013. Ecosystem services in Mediterranean river basin: climate change impact on water provisioning and erosion control. Science of the Total Environment, 458-460: 246-255.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.025
[133]   Belete M, Deng J, Abubakar G A, et al. 2020. Partitioning the impacts of land use/land cover change and climate variability on water supply over the source region of the Blue Nile Basin. Land Degradation & Development, 31(15): 2168-2184.
doi: 10.1002/ldr.v31.15
[134]   Bueno C G, Azorín J, Gómez-García D, et al. 2013. Occurrence and intensity of wild boar disturbances, effects on the physical and chemical soil properties of alpine grasslands. Plant and Soil, 373: 243-256.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-013-1784-z
[135]   Canadell J, Jackson R B, Ehleringer J B, et al. 1996. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia, 108(4): 583-595.
doi: 10.1007/BF00329030 pmid: 28307789
[136]   Cochran W G. 1977. Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1-428.
[137]   Coupland R T. 1992. Ecosystems of the World 8A. Natural Grasslands:Introduction and Western Hemisphere. New York: Elsevier, 1-64.
[138]   Daneshi A, Brouwer R, Najafinejad A, et al. 2021. Modelling the impacts of climate and land use change on water security in a semi-arid forested watershed using InVEST. Journal of Hydrology, 593: 125621, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125621.
[139]   Dang K B, Phan T T H, Nguyen T T, et al. 2022. Economic valuation of wetland ecosystem services in northeastern part of Vietnam. Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 423: 12, doi: 10.1051/kmae/2022010.
[140]   Darvishi A, Yousefi M. 2022. Using water yield ecosystem services to assess water scarcity in a metropolitan arid environment in Qazvin region (Iran). [2023-03-20]. https://raco.cat/index.php/PapersIERMB/index.
[141]   De Ridder N, van Keulen H. 1995. Estimating biomass through transfer functions based on simulation model results: a case study for Sahel. Agricultural Water Management, 28(1): 57-71.
doi: 10.1016/0378-3774(95)01145-9
[142]   García-Llorente M, Martín-López B, Iniesta-Arandia I, et al. 2012. The role of multi-functionality in social preferences toward semi-arid rural landscapes: An ecosystem service approach. Environmental Science & Policy, 19-20: 136-146.
[143]   Ghaley B B, Vesterdal L, Porter J R. 2014. Quantification and valuation of ecosystem services in diverse production systems for informed decision-making. Environmental Science & Policy, 39: 139-149.
[144]   Graves R A, Pearson S M, Turner M G. 2017a. Landscape dynamics of floral resources affect the supply of a biodiversity-dependent cultural ecosystem service. Landscape Ecology, 32: 415-428.
doi: 10.1007/s10980-016-0452-0
[145]   Graves R A, Pearson S M, Turner M G. 2017b. Species richness alone does not predict cultural ecosystem service value. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA, 114(14): 3774-3779.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701370114
[146]   Hamel P, Chaplin-Kramer R, Sim S, et al. 2015. A new approach to modeling the sediment retention service (InVEST 3.0): Case study of the Cape Fear catchment, North Carolina, USA. Science of the Total Environment, 524-525: 166-177.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.027
[147]   Jonckheere I, Fleck S, Nackaerts K, et al. 2004. Review of methods for in situ leaf area index determination: Part I. Theories, sensors and hemispherical photography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 121(1-2): 19-35.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.08.027
[148]   Karimi A H, Nazarian H, Jafari E. 2008. Identification of Fars honey bee plant resources from three families in Fars Province (Asteraceae, Papilionaceae and Lamiaceae). Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 2(75): 101-111. (in Persian)
[149]   Khosravi Mashizi A, Heshmati G A, Salman Mahini A R, et al. 2019. Exploring management objectives and ecosystem service trade-offs in a semi-arid rangeland basin in southeast Iran. Ecological Indicators, 98: 794-803.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.065
[150]   Liu J T, Chen X, Lin H, et al. 2013. A simple geomorphic-based analytical model for predicting the spatial distribution of soil thickness in headwater hillslopes and catchments. Water Resources Research, 49(11): 7733-7746.
doi: 10.1002/wrcr.v49.11
[151]   Lufafa A, Tenywa M M, Isabirye M, et al. 2003. Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GIS-based Universal Soil Loss model. Agricultural Systems, 76(3): 883-894.
doi: 10.1016/S0308-521X(02)00012-4
[152]   Maes J, Paracchini M L, Zulian G, et al. 2012. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem service supply, biodiversity, and habitat conservation status in Europe. Biological Conservation, 155: 1-12.
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.016
[153]   McCool D K, Brown L C, Foster G R, et al. 1987. Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation. Transactions of the ASABE, 30(5): 1387-1396.
[154]   Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being:Synthesis. Washington: Island Press, 1-155.
[155]   Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food MAFF. 1975. Energy allowances and feeding systems for ruminants. In: Technical Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. London: HM Stationery Office, 1-79.
[156]   Minson D J. 1987. Estimation of the nutritive value of forage. In: Wheeler J L, Pearson C J, Roberts G E. Temperate Pastures: Their Production, Use and Management. An Australian Wool Corporation Technical Publication. Melbourne: Australian Wool Corporation and CSIRO, 415-422.
[157]   Mousavi S M, Sarai Tabrizi M, Talachi Langeroudi H. 2021. Investigating the economic value of water in environmental, agricultural and industrial uses (Case Study: Urmia Lake Watershed). Human and Environment, 19(3): 79-95.
[158]   Oñatibia G R, Aguiar M R, Semmartin M. 2015. Are there any trade-offs between forage provision and the ecosystem service of C and N storage in arid rangelands? Ecological Engineering, 77: 26-32.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.01.009
[159]   Palacios-Vargas J G, Castaño-Meneses G, Gómez-Anaya J A, et al. 2007. Litter and soil arthropods diversity and density in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Western Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16: 3703-3717.
doi: 10.1007/s10531-006-9109-7
[160]   Rastgar S, Barani H, Darijani A, et al. 2016. Estimating direct economic value of soil conservation function of rangelands vegetation (Case study: summer rangelands of Nour-Rud Watershed Basin). Journal of Watershed Management Research, 7(13): 262-254.
doi: 10.18869/acadpub.jwmr.7.13.262
[161]   Rechinger K H. 1997. Flora Iranica. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Graz Publishing House.
[162]   Reid N, Stafford S D M, Beyer-Munzel P, et al. 1990. Floristic and structural variation in the Tamaulipan thornscrub, Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science, 1(4): 529-538.
doi: 10.2307/3235787
[163]   Renard K, Foster G R, Weesies G, et al. 1997. Predicting rainfall erosion by water: a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Agriculture Handbook Number 703. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, 1-404.
[164]   Robles A B, Passera C B. 1995. Native forage shrub species in south-eastern Spain: forage species, forage phytomass, nutritive value and carrying capacity. Journal of Arid Environments, 30(2): 191-196.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80070-9
[165]   Romkens M J M, Prasad S N, Poesen J W A. 1986. Soil erodibility and properties. In:Transaction of the 13th Congress of International Society of Soil Science. Hamburg, Germany, 492-504.
[166]   Sáez-Plaza P, Michałowski T, Navas M J, et al. 2013. An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part I. Early history, chemistry of the procedure, and titrimetric finish. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 43(4): 224-272.
doi: 10.1080/10408347.2012.751787
[167]   Sandhu H S, Wratten S D, Cullen R. 2010. The role of supporting ecosystem services in conventional and organic arable farmland. Ecological Complexity, 7(3): 302-310.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.04.006
[168]   Schenk H J, Jackson R B. 2002. Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 90(3): 480-494.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x
[169]   Schirpke U, Kohler M, Leitinger G, et al. 2017. Future impacts of changing land-use and climate on ecosystem services of mountain grassland and their resilience. Ecosystem Services, 26: 79-94.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.06.008
[170]   Sharafatmandrad M, Khosravi Mashizi A. 2021. Temporal and spatial assessment of supply and demand of the water-yield ecosystem service for water scarcity management in arid to semi-arid ecosystems. Water Resources Management, 35: 63-82.
doi: 10.1007/s11269-020-02706-1
[171]   Soil Survey Staff. 1994. Keys to soil taxonomy (6th ed.), Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service.
[172]   Tallis H, Ricketts T, Guerry A, et al. 2011. InVEST 2.2.2 User's Guide. [2023-06-25]. https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest/invest-downloads-data.
[173]   Tesfa T K, Tarboton D G, Chandler D G, et al. 2009. Modeling soil depth from topographic and land cover attributes. Water Resources Research, 45: W10438, doi: 10.1029/2008WR007474.
[174]   Tongway D J, Hindley N. 2003. Indicators of ecosystem rehabilitation success. Stage Two. Verification of EFA Indicators. Final Report for the Australian Center for Mining Environmental Research. Canberra: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, 1-66.
[175]   Toopchi-Khosroshahi Z, Lotfalizadeh H. 2011. Identification of honey plants and their attractiveness to honeybee in Kandovan, Northwest of Iran. Biharean Biologist, 5(1): 36-41.
[176]   Tsai C C, Chen Z S, Duh C T, et al. 2001. Prediction of soil depth using a soil landscape regression model: a case study on forest soils in southern Taiwan. Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China. Part B, Life sciences, 25(1): 34-39.
[177]   Uchida K, Koyam A, Ozeki M, et al. 2020. Does the local conservation practice of cultural ecosystem services maintain plant diversity in semi-natural grasslands in Kirigamine Plateau, Japan? Biological Conservation, 250: 108737, doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108737.
[178]   Van Soest P J, Robertson J B, Lewis B A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3583-3597.
doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 pmid: 1660498
[179]   Wischmeier W H, Smith D D. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses - a guide to conservation planning. Agricultural handbook (United States Department of Agriculture) no. 537. Hyattsville, Maryland: USDA, Science and Education Administration.
[180]   Zhou M M, Deng J S, Lin Y, et al. 2019. Identifying the effects of land use change on sediment export: Integrating sediment source and sediment delivery in the Qiantang River Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 689: 38-49.
[1] LIN Yanmin, HU Zhirui, LI Wenhui, CHEN Haonan, WANG Fang, NAN Xiongxiong, YANG Xuelong, ZHANG Wenjun. Response of ecosystem carbon storage to land use change from 1985 to 2050 in the Ningxia Section of Yellow River Basin, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(1): 110-130.
[2] WANG Jing, WEI Yulu, PENG Biao, LIU Siqi, LI Jianfeng. Spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies against the background of the gully control and land consolidation project on the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(1): 131-145.
[3] ZHAO Xiaohan, HAN Dianchen, LU Qi, LI Yunpeng, ZHANG Fangmin. Spatiotemporal variations in ecological quality of Otindag Sandy Land based on a new modified remote sensing ecological index[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(8): 920-939.
[4] QIANG Yuquan, ZHANG Jinchun, XU Xianying, LIU Hujun, DUAN Xiaofeng. Stem sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron at different ages and its response to physical factors in the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(7): 842-857.
[5] Reza DEIHIMFARD, Sajjad RAHIMI-MOGHADDAM, Farshid JAVANSHIR, Alireza PAZOKI. Quantifying major sources of uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on wheat grain yield in dryland environments[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 545-561.
[6] Sakine KOOHI, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI. Future meteorological drought conditions in southwestern Iran based on the NEX-GDDP climate dataset[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 377-392.
[7] CAO Yijie, MA Yonggang, BAO Anming, CHANG Cun, LIU Tie. Evaluation of the water conservation function in the Ili River Delta of Central Asia based on the InVEST model[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(12): 1455-1473.
[8] YAN Xue, LI Lanhai. Spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem services in Central Asia[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(1): 1-19.
[9] LI Feng, LI Yaoming, ZHOU Xuewen, YIN Zun, LIU Tie, XIN Qinchuan. Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(2): 115-138.
[10] Faraz GORGIN PAVEH, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI, Brian COLLINS. Evaluation of CRU TS, GPCC, AgMERRA, and AgCFSR meteorological datasets for estimating climate and crop variables: A case study of maize in Qazvin Province, Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(12): 1361-1376.
[11] Hushiar HAMARASH, Rahel HAMAD, Azad RASUL. Meteorological drought in semi-arid regions: A case study of Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(11): 1212-1233.
[12] Maryam MOSLEHI JOUYBARI, Asgahr BIJANI, Hossien PARVARESH, Ross SHACKLETON, Akram AHMADI. Effects of native and invasive Prosopis species on topsoil physiochemical properties in an arid riparian forest of Hormozgan Province, Iran[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(10): 1099-1108.
[13] HAI Xuying, LI Jiwei, LIU Yulin, WU Jianzhao, LI Jianping, SHANGGUAN Zhouping, DENG Lei. Manipulated precipitation regulated carbon and phosphorus limitations of microbial metabolisms in a temperate grassland on the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(10): 1109-1123.
[14] LIU Yaxuan, ZENG Yong, YANG Yuhui, WANG Ning, LIANG Yuejia. Competition, spatial pattern, and regeneration of Haloxylon ammodendron and Haloxylon persicum communities in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(10): 1138-1158.
[15] YU Yang, CHEN Xi, Ireneusz MALIK, Malgorzata WISTUBA, CAO Yiguo, HOU Dongde, TA Zhijie, HE Jing, ZHANG Lingyun, YU Ruide, ZHANG Haiyan, SUN Lingxiao. Spatiotemporal changes in water, land use, and ecosystem services in Central Asia considering climate changes and human activities[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(9): 881-890.