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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2025, Vol. 17 Issue (9): 1270-1281    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-025-0017-7     CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.02500177
Research article     
Effects of soil desertification on the occurrence of Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky
DING Rongrong, HE Zeshuai, ZHANG Dazhi*(), CHEN Liangyue, ZHAO Fuqiang, WANG Yuan, YUAN Peng, YU Xiaoqian
School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Abstract  

Land desertification severely compromises the core function of ecosystem and significantly disrupts biodiversity. Caragana korshinskii Kom. plays a pivotal role as a critical plant resource in the restoration and ecological reconstruction of desertified areas in Northwest China. Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky is the primary pest responsible for causing substantial damage to the seeds of C. korshinskii. In this study, field surveys were utilized in three distinct desertified types (lightly, moderately, and severely desertified areas) in north central Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China. This research was focused on investigating the population dynamics and damage rates of K. immixtus, with an emphasis on examining the relationships among K. immixtus distribution, levels of soil desertification, and associated environmental factors. The results revealed marked variations in the population distribution and abundance of K. immixtus across habitats with different degrees of desertification. Due to the sand-fixing ability of C. korshinskii, the severity of soil desertification decreased progressively from severe to moderate and light with C. korshinskii establishment. This reduction in desertification, along with habitat restoration and an increase in plant diversity, was correlated with a gradual increase in K. immixtus population size and damage rate. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significantly positive correlations of soil total potassium, C. korshinskii height, maximum temperature during the survey, precipitation, and the plant species richness index with K. immixtus population. In contrast, the soil total phosphorus content, organic matter content, minimum temperature during the survey, C. korshinskii canopy width, and branch number were significantly and negatively correlated with K. immixtus population. Due to the sand-fixing capacity of C. korshinskii, the plant mitigated soil desertification, but as desertification severity decreased, habitat restoration and increased plant diversity drove a gradual increase in the population and damage rate of K. immixtus. Both biotic and abiotic factors in the habitat significantly influenced K. immixtus occurrence. To achieve the sustainable restoration of desert ecosystem, optimization of plant community structure with soil nutrient management in ecological rehabilitation is necessary to balance the benefits of sand fixation with pest risks.

Key words： Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky      population size      damage rate      soil desertification      environmental factors     
Received: 11 January 2025      Published: 30 September 2025
Corresponding Authors: *ZHANG Dazhi (E-mail: zdz313@nxu.edu.cn)
About author: The first and second authors contributed equally to this work.
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DING Rongrong
HE Zeshuai
ZHANG Dazhi
CHEN Liangyue
ZHAO Fuqiang
WANG Yuan
YUAN Peng
YU Xiaoqian
Cite this article:

DING Rongrong, HE Zeshuai, ZHANG Dazhi, CHEN Liangyue, ZHAO Fuqiang, WANG Yuan, YUAN Peng, YU Xiaoqian. Effects of soil desertification on the occurrence of Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky. Journal of Arid Land, 2025, 17(9): 1270-1281.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-025-0017-7     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2025/V17/I9/1270

Fig. 1 Distribution of sample plots (a) in the arid and semi-arid area of north central Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. (b), lightly derstified plot; (c), moderately desertified plot; (d), heavily desertified plot. YWQ, Yiwanquan; JD, Jidi; GYZ, Guyaozi; TSH, Tianshuihe; HJQ, Haojiaqiao; XJY, Xiaojiayao; XZJ, Xinzhuangji; MNW, Maoniuwa. The abbreviations are the same in the following tables and figures. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (GS(2023)2767) of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China (https://www.mnr.gov.cn/sj/sjfw/), and the boundary of standard map has not been modified.
Habitat Sampling plot Latitude and longitude Elevation
(m)		 Area (hm2) Plot environment Dominant species
HD YWQ 37°30′53″N
104°48′59″E		 1360.12 8.382 Surface vegetation is sparse, generally less than 10.00%, and there is no crust cover. The soil is made up of mobile aeolian sands with a high level of aeolian activity. Alhagi camelorum Fisch, Suaeda glauca Bunge
JD 37°32′18″N
105°03′26″E		 1281.52 9.798 Echinops gmelinii Turcz, A. camelorum,
Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge
MD GYZ 38°06′14″N
106°38′32″E		 1326.15 10.187 Vegetation cover is 45.00%, with drift sand distributed in a patchy pattern. Aeolian activity is present but not severe and there is partial crust cover. S. glauca
TSH 38°04′45″N
106°29′15″E		 1256.99 13.485 Peganum harmala Linn, Echinops grijsii Hance, Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai
HJQ 37°56′50″N
106°22′47″E		 1160.12 9.283 A. camelorum, H. ammodendron, Sophora alopecuroides Linn
LD XJY 37°19′54″N
106°10′15″E		 1502.10 10.263 Vegetation cover is over 70.00% and aeolian activity is not significant. P. harmala, S. alopecuroides, Euphorbia esula Linn, H. ammodendron
XZJ 37°15′33″N
106°13′49″E		 1626.73 13.918 A. camelorum, Convolvulus ammannii Desr., Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.
MNW 37°15′00″N
106°14′43″E		 1693.99 10.036 Medicago sativa Linn,
I. chinensis, Incarvillea sinensis Lam.
Table 1 Basic characteristics of sample plots
Fig. 2 Differences in the number (a), damaged rate of Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky (b), and infection rate of Caragana korshinskii Kom. (c) under different gradients of desertification. In Figure 2a and b, boxes indicate the IQR (interquartile range, 75th to 25th of the data). The median value is shown as a line within the box. Black circle is shown as mean. Whiskers extend to the most extreme value within 1.5×IQR. * indicates significant differences among the three gradients of desertification at P<0.050 level; ns, no significance.
Factor HD MD LD df
(dimensionless)		 F value
(dimensionless)
TN (g/kg) 0.080±0.012b 0.146±0.048b 0.647±0.347a 2 51.158
TP (g/kg) 0.235±0.047c 0.285±0.028b 0.460±0.106a 2 65.082
TK (g/kg) 18.926±1.959a 17.523±0.584b 17.666±1.301b 2 7.063
pH 9.005±0.284a 8.806±0.201b 8.844±0.298b 2 3.307
SOM (g/kg) 50.500±4.162b 57.033±8.637b 72.966±16.279a 2 23.690
EC (μS/cm) 1.812±0.356b 2.967±0.884b 5.600±3.156a 2 88.030
HT (°C) 31.667±3.597a 32.333±2.935a 31.074±2.907a 2 1.113
LT (°C) 16.388±3.415b 15.851±3.278b 18.259±2.520a 2 4.521
PP (mm) 4.826±15.889a 0.412±2.143a 3.421±17.253a 2 0.671
EL (m) 1302.04±131.79b 1232.31±51.53c 1606.58±76.69a 2 126.243
Table 2 Soil nutrient contents and climatic changes under different gradients of desertification
Effect Factor Estimate Square error P value Individual Relative importance (%)
Fixed effect Intercept -6.449 1.248 <0.001 - -
TP -1.866 0.482 <0.001 0.095 45.05
TK 0.541 0.032 <0.001 0.082 38.89
SOM -0.013 0.003 <0.001 0.016 7.86
HT 0.075 0.012 <0.001 0.008 3.84
LT -0.062 0.012 <0.001 0.008 3.98
PP 0.016 0.002 <0.001 0.001 0.38
Degree of desertification
Random effect Marginal R2/conditional R2 0.2110/0.6878
Table 3 GLMM (generalized linear mixed model) analysis of abiotic factors affecting the population size of K. immixtus
Factor HD MD LD df
(dimensionless)		 F value
(dimensionless)
D 0.528±0.105a 0.567±0.185a 0.608±0.125a 2 1.707
H° 0.858±0.233b 0.995±0.347b 1.162±0.236a 2 6.435
E 0.692±0.153b 0.838±0.123a 0.839±0.140a 2 7.737
R 0.691±0.401b 0.795±0.290b 1.125±0.241a 2 13.131
PLH (cm) 106.522±23.604c 153.778±17.803a 139.406±31.476b 2 19.415
CW (cm) 166.955±45.982b 211.074±31.084a 152.169±47.476b 2 14.341
NB 8.855±3.030b 10.604±2.742a 9.973±2.761ab 2 2.078
GD (mm) 53.414±24.788ab 64.987±27.767a 44.157±17.585b 2 5.042
Table 4 Biological characteristics and diversity of C. korshinskii under different gradients of desertification
Effect Predictor Estimate Square error P value Individual Relative importance (%)
Fixed effect Intercept 2.992 0.539 <0.001 - -
E 0.708 0.258 0.006 0.002 1.30
R -0.696 0.125 <0.001 0.010 4.79
PLH 0.003 0.001 0.008 0.021 9.66
CW -0.010 0.001 <0.001 0.049 22.09
NB -0.102 0.012 <0.001 0.034 15.25
GD 0.026 0.001 <0.001 0.104 46.91
Degree of desertification
Random effect Marginal R2/conditional R2 0.2236/0.6399
Table 5 GLMM analysis of biotic factors affecting the population size of K. immixtus
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