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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2025, Vol. 17 Issue (6): 808-822    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-025-0019-5     CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.02500195
Review article     
Artificial cyanobacteria crusts can improve soil fertility and plant growth in a semi-arid area, northern China
JING Haimeng1,2, ZHOU Nan1,2, TANTAI Yu1,2, ZHAO Yunge2,3,*()
1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Control, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
3College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Abstract  

Artificial cyanobacteria crusts are formed by inoculating soil with cyanobacteria. These crusts help prevent soil erosion and restore soil functionality in degraded croplands. However, how fast the artificial cyanobacteria crusts can be formed is a key issue before their practical application. In addition, the effects of artificial cyanobacteria crusts on soil nutrients and plant growth are not fully explored. This study analyzed the effect of inoculation of cyanobacteria from local biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and Pak-choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee; Chinese cabbage) growth in a cropland, northern China through field experiments by comparing with no fertilizer. The results showed that artificial cyanobacteria crusts were formed on the 18th d after inoculation with a coverage of 56.13%, a thickness of 3.74 mm, and biomass of 22.21 μg chla/cm2. Artificial cyanobacteria crusts significantly improved the soil organic matter (SOM), NO3--N, total nitrogen (TN) contents, and the activities of sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, and catalase enzymes of plants on the 50th d after inoculation. Additionally, artificial cyanobacteria crusts led to an increase in plant biomass, improved root morphology, and raised the phosphorus and potassium contents in the plants. Furthermore, the biomass of plant grown with artificial cyanobacteria crusts was comparable with that of grown with chemical fertilizer. The study suggested that, considering plant biomass and soil nutrients, it is feasible to prevent wind erosion in the cropland of arid and semi-arid areas by inoculating cyanobacteria crusts. This study provides new perspectives for the sustainable development and environmental management of cropland in arid and semi-arid areas.

Key words： artificial cyanobacteria crusts      wind erosion      soil fertility      plant growth      soil enzyme     
Received: 09 December 2024      Published: 30 June 2025
Corresponding Authors: *ZHAO Yunge (E-mail: zyunge@ms.iswc.ac.cn).
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JING Haimeng, ZHOU Nan, TANTAI Yu, ZHAO Yunge. Artificial cyanobacteria crusts can improve soil fertility and plant growth in a semi-arid area, northern China. Journal of Arid Land, 2025, 17(6): 808-822.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-025-0019-5     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2025/V17/I6/808

Fig. 1 Water supply from rainfall and watering during the growth period of Pak-choi
Chemical composition Concentration (g/L)
NaNO3 1.500
K2HPO4•3H2O 0.040
MgSO4•7H2O 0.075
C10H14N2Na2O8 0.001
CaCl2•2H2O 0.036
C6H8O7 0.006
C6H4O7•xFe•yNH3 0.006
NaCO3 0.020
A5 1.000
Table S1 BG11 nutrient solution concentration
Chemical composition Concentration (g/L)
H3BO3 2.860
MnCl2•H2O 1.810
ZnSO4•7H2O 0.222
CuSO4•5H2O 0.079
Na2MOO4•2H2O 0.390
Co(NO3)2•6H2O 0.049
Table S2 A5 solution concentration
Fig. 2 Biomass of cyanobacteria crusts under different fertilizer treatments. Bars are standard errors.
Inoculation days (d) Cyanobacteria biomass (μg chla/cm2) Cyanobacteria crust coverage (%) Moss crust coverage (%) Thickness (mm)
18 22.21±2.27a 56.13±9.00a 3.47±1.09a 3.74±0.20a
50 22.35±0.89a 66.93±7.36a 6.53±0.44a 3.80±0.09a
Table 1 Biomass, coverage, and thickness of artificial cyanobacteria crusts in cropland
Fig. 3 Dynamics of soil nutrient content in the 0-2 cm soil layer of different fertilizer treatments. (a), soil organic matter (SOM); (b), available phosphorus (AP); (c), total phosphorus (TP); (d), NH4+-N; (e), NO3--N; (f), total nitrogen (TN). Different lowercase letters within the same day of treatment indicate significant differences among different fertilizer treatments at P<0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 4 Soil nutrient contents in different soil layers during plant harvesting. (a), SOM; (b), AP; (c), TP; (d), NH4+-N; (e), NO3--N; (f), TN. Different lowercase letters within the same soil layer indicate significant differences among different fertilizer treatments at P<0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 5 Soil enzyme activities in different soil layers during plant harvesting. (a), catalase; (b), alkaline phosphatase; (c), urease; (d), sucrase. Different lowercase letters within the same soil layer indicate significant differences among different fertilizer treatments at P<0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 6 Growth dynamics of plants under different fertilizer treatments. (a), plant height; (b), leaf width; (c), leaf number. Bars are standard errors.
Treatment Plant height (cm) Leaf width (cm) Leaf number Plant fresh weight (g) Plant dry weight (g)
Control 4.9±1.02b 3.1±0.80b 7±0.97c 4.24±1.81b 0.67±0.38b
Chemical fertilizer 15.5±0.80a 9.5±0.50a 17±1.98a 58.31±15.77a 12.76±3.31a
Artificial cyanobacteria crusts 16.8±1.31a 10.2±1.38a 15±1.59b 65.46±14.77a 12.85±3.15a
Table 2 Growth indices of Pak-choi under different fertilizer treatments during plant harvesting
Fig. 7 Growth status of Pak-choi under different fertilizer treatments during plant harvesting. (a), control; (b), chemical fertilizer; (c), artificial cyanobacteria crusts.
Fig. 8 Contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in Pak-choi under different fertilizer treatments. Different lowercase letters within the same nutrient indicate significant differences among different fertilizer treatments at P<0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Treatment Root dry weight (g) Total root length (cm) Total surface area (cm2) Total volume (cm3) Average diameter (mm)
Control 0.09±0.07c 77.02±17.20b 17.70±4.56b 0.32±0.09b 0.30±0.06b
Chemical fertilizer 0.93±0.25a 271.77±42.80a 84.59±12.80a 2.14±0.40a 0.99±0.10a
Artificial cyanobacteria crusts 0.72±0.02b 276.45±50.50a 80.83±16.40a 1.93±0.60a 0.95±0.20a
Table 3 Root morphology of Pak-choi under different fertilizer treatments
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