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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2025, Vol. 17 Issue (9): 1297-1313    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-025-0026-6     CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.02500266
Research article     
High-throughput sequencing unveils microbial succession patterns in restored Hulun Buir Sandy Land, northern China
PENG Tiantian1,2,3, HAO Haojing1,2,3, GUAN Xiao1,2,3,*(), LI Junsheng1,4, DIAO Zhaoyan1,2,3, BU He5, WO Qiang6, SONG Ni1,7
1Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-process and Function Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
3State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Hulun Buir Forest-Steppe Ecotone, Hulun Buir 021100, China
4China Geological Survey Comprehensive Survey Command Centre for Natural Resources, Beijing 100055, China
5Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Ewenki Autonomous Banner, Hulun Buir 021100, China
6Huihe National Nature Reserve Authority in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hulun Buir 021199, China
7College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract  

In recent years, intensive human activities have increased the intensity of desertification, driving continual desertification process of peripheral meadows. To investigate the effects of restoration on soil microbial communities, we analyzed vegetation-soil relationships in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, northern China. Through the use of high-throughput sequencing, we examined the structure and diversity in the bacterial and fungal communities within the 0-20 cm soil layer after 9-15 a of restoration. Different slope positions were analyzed and spatial heterogeneity was assessed. The results showed progressive improvements in soil properties and vegetation with the increase of restoration duration, and the following order was as follows: bottom slope>middle slope>crest slope. During the restoration in the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria, whereas the fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Eutrophic bacterial abundance increased with the restoration duration, whereas oligotrophic bacterial and fungal abundance levels decreased. The soil bacterial abundance significantly increased with the increasing restoration duration, whereas the fungal diversity decreased after 11 a of restoration, except that at the crest slope. Redundancy analysis showed that pH, soil moisture content, total nitrogen, and vegetation-related factors affected the bacterial community structure (45.43% of the total variance explained). Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that pH, total phosphorus, and vegetation-related factors shaped the bacterial community structure (31.82% of the total variance explained). Structural equation modeling highlighted greater bacterial responses (R2=0.49-0.79) to changes in environmental factors than those of fungi (R2=0.20-0.48). The soil bacterial community was driven mainly by pH, soil moisture content, electrical conductivity, plant coverage, and litter dry weight. The abundance and diversity of the soil fungal community were mainly driven by plant coverage, litter dry weight, and herbaceous aboveground biomass, while there was no significant correlation between the soil fungal community structure and environmental factors. These findings highlighted divergent microbial succession patterns and environmental sensitivities during sandy grassland restoration.

Key words： revegetation      soil microbes      high-throughput sequencing      sandy grassland      dunes     
Received: 11 February 2025      Published: 30 September 2025
Corresponding Authors: *GUAN Xiao (E-mail: cynthia815@126.com)
About author: The first and second authors contributed equally to this work.
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PENG Tiantian
HAO Haojing
GUAN Xiao
LI Junsheng
DIAO Zhaoyan
BU He
WO Qiang
SONG Ni
Cite this article:

PENG Tiantian, HAO Haojing, GUAN Xiao, LI Junsheng, DIAO Zhaoyan, BU He, WO Qiang, SONG Ni. High-throughput sequencing unveils microbial succession patterns in restored Hulun Buir Sandy Land, northern China. Journal of Arid Land, 2025, 17(9): 1297-1313.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-025-0026-6     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2025/V17/I9/1297

Fig. 1 Location of sampling plots under different restoration years and slope positions. B, bottom slope; M, middle slope; C, crest slope. The abbreviations are the same in the following figures.
Fig. 2 Soil and aboveground vegetation properties under different restoration years and slope positions. (a), pH; (b), EC (electrical conductivity); (c), UW (soil volume weight); (d), SMC (soil moisture content); (e), TC (total carbon); (f), TN (total nitrogen); (g), TP (total phosphorus); (h), TK (total potassium); (i), MA (litter dry weight); (j), HBM (herbaceous aboveground biomass); (k), SBM (shrub aboveground biomass); (l), PC (total vegetation coverage). The uppercase letters denote significant differences among different restoration years for the same slope position at P<0.050 level. The lowercase letters denote significant differences among different slope positions for the same restoration year at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors. The abbreviations are the same in the following figures.
Fig. 3 Phylogenetic classification of the microbial communities at the phylum level under different restoration years and slope positions. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi.
Restoration year (a) Slope position Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Acidobacteria
9 B a e bc
M b e abc
C a e c
11 B c bc a
M c ab a
C c a a
13 B bc cd ab
M bc ab ab
C c ab abc
15 B bc de ab
M bc bc ab
C c abc abc
Table 1 Post hoc Tukey test result of one-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) on the absolute abundance of dominant bacterial phyla
Fig. 4 Alpha diversity indices of soil microbial community under different restoration years and slope positions. (a), bacterial Chao1 index; (b), bacterial Shannon index; (c), bacterial Pielou index; (d), fungous Chao1 index; (e), fungous Shannon index; (f), fungous Pielou index. The uppercase letters indicate significant differences between different years of restoration at the same slope position at P<0.050 level; the lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different slope positions at the same restoration year at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 5 Relationships between microbial community alpha diversity and environmental factors. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi. PRE, average annual precipitation in study area of the first year of restoration; *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
Fig. 6 Two-dimensional nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of microbial community under different restoration years and slope positions at the genus level. (a), bacteria; (b) fungi.
Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) results for environmental factors and soil bacterial community composition at the genus level
Fig. 8 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of environmental factors and soil fungal community composition at the genus level
Fig. 9 Structural equation modeling (SEM) of the microbial communities and environmental factors
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