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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2025, Vol. 17 Issue (5): 680-695    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-025-0099-2    
Research article     
Effect of wood vinegar on the release of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus from calcareous soils in different land uses
Soheila Sadat HASHEMI*()
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer 65719-95863, Iran
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Abstract  

The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils, facilitated by organic extractants, is critical in semi-arid areas, particularly for elements affected by high soil pH. This study aims to investigate the release of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) through the application of wood vinegar extract in surface calcareous soils in Borojerd City, Lorestan Province, Iran. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included soils from three different land uses: vineyard, wheat field, and rangeland, each treated with 1.00% wood vinegar solution. Cumulative measurements of the specified elements were recorded over 10 consecutive 0.5 h intervals. The release data were analyzed using four various kinetic models (Elovich equation, parabolic diffusion law, power function equation, and zero-order kinetics). The highest concentrations recorded were for Ca (39,500.00 mg/kg), Mg (5880.00 mg/kg), and P (5.00 mg/kg) in grape cultivation. The findings revealed a significant difference in Ca release between grape cultivation and rangeland (P<0.01), while the Mg release showed a significant difference between both grape cultivation and rangeland and wheat cultivation (P<0.01). Additionally, the cumulative release of P showed significant differences between grape cultivation and both wheat and rangeland (P<0.01). The results indicated that the zero-order kinetics provided the best fit for the data (R2=0.99). The maximum initial release amount was observed in grape cultivation when applying the zero-order kinetics, while the highest release rate was achieved using the parabolic diffusion law across three applications. Wood vinegar had the capacity to degrade various clay minerals, including vermiculite, smectite, palygorskite, and, to some extent, illite, resulting in the release of associated elements. Consequently, it can be concluded that wood vinegar can be effectively utilized in grape cultivation as an agent for reducing soil acidity, thereby enhancing the availability of soil nutrients and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers.

Key words： X-ray diffraction      kinetics analysis      vineyard      wheat field      rangeland      vermiculite     
Received: 12 January 2025      Published: 31 May 2025
Corresponding Authors: *Soheila Sadat HASHEMI (E-mail: s.hashemi@malayeru.ac.ir)
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Soheila Sadat HASHEMI. Effect of wood vinegar on the release of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus from calcareous soils in different land uses. Journal of Arid Land, 2025, 17(5): 680-695.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-025-0099-2     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2025/V17/I5/680

Substance pH EC (dS/m) Content (%) Concentration (mg/kg)
OC TN P K Fe Mn Zn Cu
Wood vinegar 3.54 5.15 10.11 0.05 Trace 0.01 40.42 Trace 5.51 2.81
Table 1 Property of the wood vinegar used in this study
Fig. 1 Spectrum of the wood vinegar used in this study measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
Equation Formula Description Reference
Elovich equation Y = a + b ln t Y is the quantity of the element released at time t (mg/kg); a and b are constants, of which, a is the intercept of equation from the origin and b is the slope of equation; and t is the release duration (h). Sparks (1989)
Parabolic diffusion law Y = a + b t Havlin et al. (1985)
Power function equation ln Y = ln a + b ln t Havlin et al. (1985)
Zero-order kinetics Y ° − Y = a − b t Y° is the maximum quantity of the element released at t time (mg/kg). Martin and Spark (1983)
Table 2 Mathematical formula of kinetics
Land use Sample site Proportion (%) pH Content (mg/kg) CEC (cmol/kg) EC (dS/m) Content (%)
Clay Silt Sand Soluble Ca Soluble Mg Olsen P OC CCE
Vineyard 1 36.00 42.00 22.00 7.32 750.12 180.05 17.00 20.21 0.22 1.43 35.12
2 24.00 50.00 26.00 7.34 1002.03 135.13 16.52 10.32 0.15 0.62 25.04
3 24.00 28.00 48.00 7.42 820.05 165.32 15.04 19.52 0.15 0.91 35.32
Wheat field 4 21.00 18.00 61.00 7.91 675.22 120.05 7.62 11.64 1.42 2.43 21.23
5 23.00 18.00 59.00 6.82 725.12 105.14 8.51 11.21 1.71 2.42 22.22
6 31.00 9.00 60.00 7.63 530.22 75.11 6.52 10.00 1.81 2.00 18.61
Rangeland 7 22.00 15.00 63.00 7.13 450.06 90.13 4.03 7.81 1.52 2.82 16.11
8 30.00 11.00 59.00 7.13 525.03 75.03 5.21 9.21 1.42 2.83 15.14
9 24.00 7.00 69.00 7.24 375.11 45.10 6.00 10.81 1.42 2.64 26.12
Table 3 Physico-chemical properties of the soils under investigation
Land use Average cumulative release (mg/kg)
Ca Mg P
Vineyard 31,000.00-39,500.00a 2400.00-5880.00a 1.52-5.00a
Wheat field 31,400.00-33,200.00ab 2400.00-3540.00b 1.65-2.75b
Rangeland 28,800.00-31,400.00b 3240.00-4500.00a 1.53-2.85b
Table 4 Release range of various elements using the wood vinegar in different types of crop land
Fig. 2 Comparison of the average cumulative Ca (a), Mg (b), and P (c) released by wood vinegar in different cultivation lands. Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; P, phosphorus. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different types of crop land at P<0.01 level.
Fig. 3 Kinetics curve of Ca (a), Mg (b), and P (c) release from soil in different cultivation lands
Extractant Concentration Duration Cumulative release (mg/kg) Reference
Ca Mg P
Acetic acid 10 mM 1.0 h 1078.00 2797.00 4.23 Etemadian et al. (2018)
Nitric acid 0.1 N 256.0 h - - 3.85 Sokhanvar Mahani et al. (2023)
Mixture of citric acid and oxalic acid 10 mM 5.0 h 2986.00 1728.00 - Chahardoli (2022)
Ammonium acetate 1.0 N 60 d - 239.37 - Dash et al. (2023)
1.0 N 1.0 h 1081.00 126.00 - Senthurpandian et al. (2009)
Citric acid 10 mM 24.0 h - - 8.40 Lü et al. (2015)
Calcium chloride 10 mM 3.0 h - - 46.42 Jalali and Ahmadi Mohammad Zinli (2011)
Wood vinegar 1.00% 5.0 h 39,500.00 5880.00 5.00 This research
Table 5 Comparison of elements released with different extractants
Table 6 Coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error (SE) of estimation for kinetic equations used to assess the release rates of Ca, Mg, and P with wood vinegar extractant in different cultivation lands
Table 7 Release rate of Ca, Mg, and P with wood vinegar extractant in different cultivation lands
Sample site Land use Content rank of clay mineral
2 Vineyard Vermiculite>mixed minerals>feldspar>smectite>illite>chlorite>kaolinite>quartz
5 Wheat field Smectite>illite>chlorite>vermiculite>mixed minerals>palygorskite>kaolinite>quartz
8 Rangeland Illite>vermiculite>smectite>mixed minerals>palygorskite>chlorite>kaolinite>quartz
Table 8 Semi-quantitative analysis of clay mineralogy in soil samples from different types of crop land before the wood vinegar treatment
Sample site Land use Content rank of clay mineral
2 Vineyard Feldspar>quartz>mixed minerals>illite
5 Wheat field Feldspar>quartz>mixed minerals
8 Rangeland Feldspar>quartz
Table 9 Semi-quantitative analysis of clay mineralogy in soil samples from different cultivation lands after wood vinegar treatment
Fig. 4 X-ray diffraction graph for the soils sampled from vineyard (a), wheat field (b), and rangeland (c) after wood vinegar treatment. EG, ethylene glycol; T550, temperature at 550°C.
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