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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (1): 56-69    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0002-3
Research article     
Lithic soils in the semi-arid region of Brazil: edaphic characterization and susceptibility to erosion
Carlos R PINHEIRO JUNIOR1, Conan A SALVADOR1, Tiago R TAVARES2, Marcel C ABREU1, Hugo S FAGUNDES1, Wilk S ALMEIDA3, Eduardo C SILVA NETO1, Lúcia H C ANJOS1, Marcos G PEREIRA1,*()
1Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Department of Soils, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro 23890, Brazil
2Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13416, Brazil
3Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia (IFRO), Rural Zone, Ariquemes, Rondônia 78930, Brazil
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Abstract  

Soils (Leptosols or Epileptic Regosols) with lithic contact at a depth of 50 cm occupy almost 20% of the Brazilian semi-arid region. These lithic soils are susceptible to erosion due to faster saturation of water-holding capacity during rainfall, which accelerates the beginning of runoff. However, erosion traits of lithic soils in the semi-arid region of Brazil are less studied. The aim of this study was to characterize the soil and landscape attributes in areas with Neossolos Litólicos (Entisols) in the Caatinga biome to identify region of high susceptibility to erosion. Results showed that the soils were characterized by a sandy texture, soil structure with poor development and low content of organic carbon. These attributes increase susceptibility to erosion and reduce water storage capacity, especially in the states of Ceará and Sergipe. In these states, the content of rock fragments in the soil reaches 790 g/kg. High contents of silt and fine sand, high silt/clay ratio, predominance of Leptosols and strong rainfall erosivity were observed in Piauí and northwestern Ceará. A very high degree of water erosion was observed in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Despite the low degree of erosion observed in the state of Bahia, it is highly susceptible to erosion due to the predominance of very shallow soils, rugged relief and high values of rainfall erosivity. Lower vulnerability was observed in the state of Alagoas because of its more smoothed relief, greater effective soil depth, thicker A horizon of soil and lower rainfall erosivity. In general, the characteristics that intensify the susceptibility to erosion in the Caatinga biome are those soil structures with poor development or without aggregation, low contents of organic carbon, high contents of silt and fine sand, high values of silt/clay ratio and rugged relief in some regions. This study collected information contributing to a better characterization of soils with lithic contact in the semi-arid region of Brazil. In addition, regions with a higher susceptibility to erosion were identified, revealing insights that could help develop strategies for environmental risk mitigation.

Key words： Caatinga biome      drylands      erosive processes      leptosols      soil degradation     
Received: 03 August 2021      Published: 31 January 2022
Corresponding Authors: * Marcos G PEREIRA (E-mail: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com)
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Carlos R PINHEIRO JUNIOR
Conan A SALVADOR
Tiago R TAVARES
Marcel C ABREU
Hugo S FAGUNDES
Wilk S ALMEIDA
Eduardo C SILVA NETO
Lúcia H C ANJOS
Marcos G PEREIRA
Cite this article:

Carlos R PINHEIRO JUNIOR, Conan A SALVADOR, Tiago R TAVARES, Marcel C ABREU, Hugo S FAGUNDES, Wilk S ALMEIDA, Eduardo C SILVA NETO, Lúcia H C ANJOS, Marcos G PEREIRA. Lithic soils in the semi-arid region of Brazil: edaphic characterization and susceptibility to erosion. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(1): 56-69.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0002-3     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I1/56

Fig. 1 Soil samples (a) and profile distribution (b and c) of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. CE, Ceará; RN, Rio Grande do Norte; PB, Paraíba; PE, Pernambuco; PI, Piauí; MA, Maranhão; AL, Alagoas; SE, Sergipe; BA, Bahia; MG, Minas Gerais.
Landscape attribute and morphology Particle-size attribute Chemical attribute
Degree of erosion* RF (rock fragment; >2 mm, g/kg) pH (H2O and KCl)
Local relief class ADFE (air-dried fine earth, g/kg) ΔpH (pH KCl-pH H2O)
Thickness of surface horizon
(cm)		 Total sand (coarse and fine, g/kg) S (sum of bases (Ca2++Mg2++K+ Na+, cmol/kg)
Degree of structure development Silt (g/kg) T (effective cation exchange capacity (S+Al3++H+, cmol/kg))
Effective soil depth
(cm)		 Clay (g/kg) V (base saturation (S/T)×100%)
S+FS (sum of silt and fine sand, g/kg) ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage (Na+/T)×100%)
S/C ratio (silt/clay ratio, dimensionless) TOC (total organic carbon, g/kg)
Coarse sand/fine sand ratio (dimensionless) TN (total nitrogen, g/kg)
C/N ratio (dimensionless)
Table 1 Landscape attributes, morphology, particle-size attributes and chemical attributes of the soils
Fig. 2 Rainfall erosivity (a), landscape attributes (b and c) and soil morphologies (d-f) of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome
Fig. 3 Box plot of particle-size attributes (a and b) of A horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. S, silt; FS, fine sand; S/C, silt/clay; CS/FS, coarse sand/fine sand.
Fig. 4 Box plot of particle-size attributes (a and b) of C horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. S, silt; FS, fine sand; S/C, silt/clay; CS/FS, coarse sand/fine sand.
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of particle-size attributes of A horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. (a), rock fragment; (b), silt+fine sand (FS); (c), S/C, silt/clay; (d), CS/FS, coarse sand/fine sand.
Fig. 6 Textural class of A and C horizons of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome
Fig. 7 Dendrogram plot by the hierarchical analysis of clusters based on soil physical attributes of A horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome
Physical attribute Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 All surface horizons
Rock fragment (g/kg) 221.03±200.18 215.29±174.72 273.16±215.90 200.63±153.69 225.75±192.78
Air-dried fine earth (g/kg) 778.97±200.18 784.71±174.72 726.84±215.90 799.38±153.69 774.25±192.78
Total sand (g/kg) 580.44±202.06 575.88±160.28 617.37±159.79 531.25±234.83 579.08±194.42
Coarse sand (g/kg) 283.97±169.74 298.24±160.17 331.05±112.05 269.38±167.99 291.50±159.63
Fine sand (g/kg) 296.47±123.99 277.65±106.04 286.32±93.58 261.88±116.29 287.58±115.52
Clay (g/kg) 180.15±110.28 135.29±62.66 129.47±58.35 185.00±141.23 166.42±104.48
Silt (g/kg) 239.41±127.28 288.82±119.26 253.16±108.83 283.75±174.20 254.50±130.63
S+FS (g/kg) 535.88±129.40 566.47±146.71 539.47±77.78 545.63±162.52 542.08±129.13
S/C ratio 1.64±0.86 2.42±0.98 2.03±0.51 2.23±1.56 1.89±0.99
CS/FS ratio 1.11±0.75 1.30±0.97 1.23±0.49 1.16±0.76 1.16±0.74
Table 2 Average and standard derivation (SD) of physical attributes of the surface horizons of Neossolos Litólicos for each group formed in the cluster analysis and for all surface horizons
Fig. 8 Box plot of chemical attributes of A horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. ΔpH =pH-KCl-pH-H2O; S, sum of bases; T, effective cation exchange capacity; TOC, total organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; V, base saturation; ESP, exchangeable sodium percentage.
Fig. 9 Box plot of chemical attributes of C horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. ΔpH =pH-KCl-pH-H2O; S, sum of bases; T, effective cation exchange capacity; TOC, total organic carbon; TN, total nitrogen; V, base saturation; ESP, exchangeable sodium percentage.
Fig. 10 Spatial distribution of chemical attributes of A horizon of Neossolos Litólicos in the Caatinga biome. (a), pH-H2O; (b), V, base saturation; (c), ESP, exchangeable sodium percentage; (d), SOC, soil organic carbon.
Fig. 11 Soil classification result according to World Reference Base for soil resources
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