Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China
LING Xinying1,2,*(), MA Jinzhu1, CHEN Peiyuan1, LIU Changjie2, Juske HORITA2,*()
1Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China 2Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX79409, USA
Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions. Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge, the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China, is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area. In this study, 71 groundwater samples (mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River) and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected, and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions, together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources, residence time and their associated recharge processes. Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley, while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation. Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity. The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland. The δ 18O (from -11.70‰ to -8.52‰) and δ2H (from -86.15‰ to -65.75‰) values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone, suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past (≤220 a). The corrected14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old, indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east, south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a. The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability. Based on the δ 18O temperature indicator of groundwater, we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4°C-6.0°C colder than the present. The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer, which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.
LING Xinying, MA Jinzhu, CHEN Peiyuan, LIU Changjie, Juske HORITA. Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(1): 34-55.
Fig. 1Overview of the Longdong Loess Basin (a) and sample location (b). G1-G71, groundwater samples; SW1-SW8, surface water samples. A represents Pengyang village, B represents Gaolou village, and the line between A and B represents the geological profile of A-B transect showed in Figure 2. DEM, digital elevation model.
Fig. 2Geological cross-section along A-B transect of the Dongzhi Tableland (modified from Huang et al. (2020)). K1h, Cretaceous Sandstone; K1lh, Tertiary Mudstone; Q1, Lower Pleistocene Series Wucheng Loess; Q2, Middle Pleistocene Series Stone Loess; Q3, Upper Pleistocene Series Malan Loess.
Fig. 3Variations of ion concentrations in groundwater and surface water in the Longdong Loess Basin
Fig. 4Relationships of Cl- with TDS (a) and major ions (b, c, d, e and f) of groundwater and surface water collected from the Longdong Loess Basin. TDS, total dissolved solids.
Fig. 5δ2H and δ18O values of groundwater in the Dongzhi Tableland, surface water in the Malian River and precipitation in Xi'an and at the Malian River headwater. GMWL, global meteoric water line; LMWL, local meteoric water line.
Fig. 6Contour maps of the δ18O (a) and δ2H (b) of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin
Fig. 7Spatial distribution of groundwater ages in the Dongzhi Tableland
Fig. 8Relationship between the δ18O value of surface water, groundwater and precipitation and the distance from the headwater of the Malian River
Fig. 9Relationship between the ratio of (Ca2++Mg2+)/Na+ and the 14C age of groundwater
Fig. 10Relationship between the δ18O value and groundwater age along with modern precipitation
Sample No.
Depth (m)
pH
TDS (mg/L)
Ca2+ (mg/L)
Mg2+ (mg/L)
Na+ (mg/L)
K+ (mg/L)
HCO3- (mg/L)
Cl- (mg/L)
SO42- (mg/L)
NO3- (mg/L)
F- (mg/L)
δ2H (‰)
δ18O (‰)
G1
120
8.47
246
37.43
12.91
17.24
1.38
275
7.65
2.50
4.23
0.07
-68.77
-9.54
G2
120
7.07
254
51.60
4.71
22.06
0.71
231
4.73
4.84
9.37
0.42
-72.03
-10.08
G3
130
7.84
261
41.85
14.46
9.37
1.29
270
3.89
2.47
3.12
0.06
-71.57
-9.85
G4
80
7.83
255
65.44
6.26
21.82
0.30
281
5.80
7.52
13.15
0.00
-73.65
-10.52
G5
150
8.30
230
55.96
5.06
23.73
0.45
265
4.31
6.15
7.63
0.28
-69.70
-9.41
G6
110
8.02
240
35.38
12.56
20.20
1.65
267
3.10
1.46
3.88
0.07
-71.72
-9.77
G7
160
7.80
252
62.64
5.56
29.15
0.53
274
4.92
7.01
13.64
0.00
-74.43
-10.61
G8
180
8.11
236
32.51
3.27
72.55
0.39
271
4.41
5.14
9.47
0.00
-73.33
-10.24
G9
130
8.15
221
18.20
7.57
37.10
0.93
263
2.38
0.98
3.52
0.11
-70.54
-9.81
G10
80
7.45
246
51.78
4.89
17.56
0.79
240
3.07
3.47
8.09
0.34
-73.17
-10.04
G11
350
8.50
240
40.47
14.76
12.26
1.57
259
4.62
3.08
4.70
0.06
-71.22
-9.71
G12
185
8.14
256
57.49
5.83
34.29
0.51
292
5.69
4.63
13.80
0.35
-72.05
-9.91
G13
114
7.97
230
32.70
2.97
44.65
0.92
238
3.43
2.57
9.14
0.41
-71.92
-10.11
G14
110
8.26
252
59.54
6.02
29.93
0.47
308
3.87
5.43
10.39
0.27
-71.66
-9.89
G15
130
8.19
224
39.08
13.52
10.39
1.50
287
3.34
1.66
3.01
0.07
-70.22
-9.64
G16
120
8.30
224
48.02
4.26
19.14
0.75
227
3.30
3.19
8.29
0.35
-70.50
-9.64
G17
120
8.15
238
58.45
5.08
24.78
0.73
271
4.47
6.36
10.80
0.31
-71.78
-9.80
G18
130
7.67
236
46.71
4.14
20.21
0.79
221
3.03
3.14
6.26
0.31
-70.94
-9.79
G19
160
7.98
229
29.59
9.74
26.16
1.83
257
5.24
1.53
8.75
0.09
-72.10
-9.92
G20
114
8.38
221
37.91
3.14
36.46
0.49
231
3.18
3.52
6.69
0.43
-70.83
-10.23
G21
190
8.11
232
45.99
4.11
19.70
0.60
223
2.78
2.81
6.05
0.35
-69.83
-9.88
G22
48
7.99
249
47.86
3.83
24.08
0.51
230
3.19
3.12
7.65
0.34
-71.57
-10.09
G23
100
8.55
249
40.49
3.13
36.77
0.76
230
3.86
2.58
8.18
0.44
-73.14
-10.50
G24
110
8.24
243
45.12
14.47
9.61
0.93
298
3.62
3.26
3.35
0.07
-69.87
-9.55
G25
100
8.32
244
47.20
4.32
23.66
0.60
240
5.66
4.02
3.19
0.38
-70.74
-9.90
G26
130
8.18
236
26.79
10.06
33.28
1.70
287
3.35
1.54
2.11
0.11
-71.88
-9.82
G27
150
8.32
244
22.49
2.55
60.12
0.86
256
2.66
2.25
0.24
2.25
-72.94
-10.08
G28
150
8.16
236
17.86
7.83
42.66
2.08
281
3.81
1.00
1.92
0.13
-72.94
-9.97
G29
100
8.63
227
41.75
3.96
28.27
0.50
223
3.60
3.88
5.67
1.71
-72.95
-10.31
G30
200
8.48
246
46.52
4.54
20.59
0.63
226
2.95
3.85
5.96
0.37
-69.76
-9.97
G31
100
7.53
340
14.59
7.20
45.70
1.72
249
6.20
6.60
2.19
0.15
-72.40
-9.87
G32
150
8.02
234
52.14
4.26
16.15
0.72
219
3.14
3.70
6.07
0.35
-70.76
-9.79
G33
135
8.21
248
31.24
2.78
47.23
0.49
235
4.26
2.64
14.28
0.55
-74.56
-10.27
G34
151
8.18
227
28.22
2.60
43.77
0.62
226
3.08
2.10
8.94
0.55
-72.92
-10.29
G35
92
8.30
240
53.98
4.18
16.95
0.46
210
5.76
4.55
13.12
0.39
-71.36
-10.08
G36
110
8.31
220
40.94
3.66
25.05
0.61
215
4.11
3.73
9.55
0.47
-70.66
-10.04
G37
300
7.81
246
31.24
10.98
18.88
1.14
248
5.24
1.75
6.47
0.06
-73.29
-9.94
G38
110
7.92
220
28.48
10.01
22.64
1.60
255
3.76
1.91
2.98
0.07
-73.49
-9.94
G39
150
7.96
241
28.97
12.49
43.82
1.60
236
7.71
1.90
14.29
0.10
-76.64
-10.39
G40
75
8.57
242
31.22
2.87
44.16
0.90
230
3.38
3.20
11.01
0.47
-72.17
-10.05
G41
150
8.49
150
10.91
4.32
28.50
1.25
187
3.12
2.02
4.17
0.11
-65.76
-8.53
G42
100
8.93
220
38.66
13.28
11.00
1.77
259
5.24
2.36
3.16
0.06
-72.26
-9.79
G43
150
8.04
266
54.40
4.84
15.96
0.32
223
3.22
15.99
9.32
0.39
-72.17
-10.06
G44
155
7.96
250
37.84
12.92
10.99
1.62
240
3.48
1.76
3.49
0.07
-68.48
-9.37
Sample No.
Depth (m)
pH
TDS (mg/L)
Ca2+ (mg/L)
Mg2+ (mg/L)
Na+ (mg/L)
K+ (mg/L)
HCO3- (mg/L)
Cl- (mg/L)
SO42- (mg/L)
NO3- (mg/L)
F- (mg/L)
δ2H (‰)
δ18O (‰)
G45
180
8.73
224
35.52
12.82
11.35
1.04
243
3.44
1.71
3.59
0.06
-68.65
-9.35
G46
110
8.33
234
15.60
7.35
41.90
1.43
269
3.41
1.60
3.18
0.10
-71.69
-9.53
G47
250
8.39
266
23.66
2.35
72.05
1.82
231
2.41
2.41
4.39
0.57
-74.37
-10.32
G48
170
8.07
228
25.50
10.47
29.18
1.61
270
3.14
1.50
3.07
0.10
-69.45
-9.41
G49
100
8.34
211
34.38
3.25
29.39
0.77
210
1.90
3.85
7.57
0.64
-72.39
-9.88
G50
90
8.18
199
22.32
8.52
12.83
1.47
223
2.36
1.49
3.01
0.07
-71.21
-9.65
G51
120
8.13
210
36.96
12.98
8.69
0.97
249
2.85
2.30
3.28
0.06
-70.53
-9.59
G52
120
8.11
137
18.86
7.13
12.34
1.26
155
4.42
3.09
1.65
0.05
-72.65
-9.88
G53
200
8.26
226
28.06
3.30
39.75
0.56
206
2.54
2.68
6.42
0.55
-72.20
-9.94
G54
110
8.30
78
8.91
1.91
11.68
1.21
127
4.60
3.92
1.06
0.03
-74.72
-10.15
G55
145
7.86
251
49.70
4.85
18.67
0.45
219
2.93
4.30
6.69
0.31
-72.32
-10.22
G56
180
8.12
267
53.20
4.68
19.45
0.42
226
5.57
3.68
20.53
0.41
-72.68
-10.33
G57
150
8.68
241
39.43
3.34
33.59
0.65
224
3.66
2.71
10.35
0.47
-72.77
-10.31
G58
100
7.30
239
65.63
4.79
13.14
2.21
263
3.49
5.75
9.70
0.41
-74.10
-10.26
G59
190
7.86
251
52.79
4.38
17.59
0.63
230
2.58
3.33
7.00
0.28
-72.58
-10.36
G60
110
8.02
249
52.12
4.37
16.52
0.58
230
4.00
4.08
7.82
0.36
-70.13
-9.67
G61
263
8.14
249
32.24
3.71
75.53
0.74
288
3.43
4.19
5.63
0.35
-74.78
-10.26
G62
180
8.17
235
49.19
4.31
15.49
0.53
215
3.41
4.20
4.96
0.31
-69.26
-9.44
G63
75
7.81
246
64.51
5.59
19.80
0.32
261
5.22
12.16
10.73
0.30
-69.59
-9.05
G64
170
8.19
227
35.14
2.93
35.62
0.58
220
3.95
3.79
9.79
0.38
-70.75
-9.93
G65
210
8.13
226
43.03
3.94
19.43
0.66
212
2.35
3.14
5.89
0.31
-69.32
-9.64
G66
15
7.67
576
51.02
11.90
148.25
1.79
271
72.13
144.98
12.18
0.90
-72.01
-9.80
G67
26
7.71
457
47.73
12.06
103.38
1.57
324
41.56
45.62
37.00
0.58
-68.95
-9.09
G68
13
7.95
998
120.45
27.58
133.70
7.70
200
315.61
138.47
46.02
0.00
-69.84
-9.85
G69
7
7.90
970
75.80
20.68
234.80
1.69
346
234.31
215.99
13.27
0.00
-74.83
-10.45
G70
12
7.83
1189
97.80
26.24
274.78
1.61
287
295.11
306.65
34.27
0.00
-78.57
-11.08
G71
10
7.67
3410
335.66
110.41
810.95
9.16
283
818.72
1462.75
221.53
0.00
-86.15
-11.70
SW1
-
8.39
899
63.61
69.42
138.98
7.17
194
139.26
145.29
5.96
0.00
-72.03
-9.44
SW2
-
8.96
1236
70.76
77.97
166.52
9.43
229
175.00
170.69
7.20
0.00
-66.74
-8.70
SW3
-
8.42
2080
99.19
137.49
269.72
9.11
193
360.30
289.45
15.49
0.00
-70.68
-9.13
SW4
-
8.48
2380
157.79
56.77
629.95
4.50
232
759.60
769.55
60.16
0.00
-70.57
-9.03
SW5
-
8.70
816
57.65
16.63
217.33
1.88
261
157.55
203.30
7.79
0.94
-66.28
-8.76
SW6
-
8.64
2760
197.07
71.14
709.39
3.21
225
832.62
816.81
78.03
0.00
-59.13
-7.04
SW7
-
8.41
1533
127.55
34.52
410.63
3.84
260
397.98
472.77
27.54
0.00
-59.70
-7.01
SW8
-
8.36
7330
654.38
218.79
1843.86
12.95
162
2647.73
2214.16
292.63
0.00
-64.30
-7.23
Table S1 Concentrations of chemical ions and values of the δ2H and δ18O of groundwater (G) and surface water (SW) samples in the Longdong Loess Basin
Fig. S1Relationship between the concentration of Ca2++Mg2+ and Na+ in groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland
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