Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0051-7

Journal of Arid Land

2022, Vol. 14

Issue (1): 34-55 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0051-7

Research article

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China

LING Xinying¹^,²^,^*(

), MA Jinzhu¹, CHEN Peiyuan¹, LIU Changjie², Juske HORITA²^,^*(

)

¹Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
²Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX79409, USA

Download:

HTML

PDF(1908KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)

Abstract

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions. Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge, the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China, is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area. In this study, 71 groundwater samples (mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River) and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected, and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions, together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources, residence time and their associated recharge processes. Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley, while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation. Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO₃-Ca-Na type with low salinity. The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland. The δ ¹⁸O (from -11.70‰ to -8.52‰) and δ²H (from -86.15‰ to -65.75‰) values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone, suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past (≤220 a). The corrected¹⁴C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old, indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east, south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a. The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability. Based on the δ ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater, we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4°C-6.0°C colder than the present. The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer, which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.

Key words： groundwater recharge hydrogeochemical evolution isotope technology ¹⁴C dating paleoclimate residence time Chinese Loess Plateau

Received: 07 April 2021 Published: 31 January 2022

Corresponding Authors: * LING Xinying (E-mail: lingxinying2009@126.com);Juske HORITA (E-mail: juske.horita@ttu.edu)

	Service
	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	LING Xinying
	MA Jinzhu
	CHEN Peiyuan
	LIU Changjie
	Juske HORITA

Cite this article:

LING Xinying, MA Jinzhu, CHEN Peiyuan, LIU Changjie, Juske HORITA. Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(1): 34-55.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0051-7 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I1/34

Fig. 1 Overview of the Longdong Loess Basin (a) and sample location (b). G1-G71, groundwater samples; SW1-SW8, surface water samples. A represents Pengyang village, B represents Gaolou village, and the line between A and B represents the geological profile of A-B transect showed in Figure 2. DEM, digital elevation model.

Fig. 2 Geological cross-section along A-B transect of the Dongzhi Tableland (modified from Huang et al. (2020)). K₁h, Cretaceous Sandstone; K₁lh, Tertiary Mudstone; Q₁, Lower Pleistocene Series Wucheng Loess; Q₂, Middle Pleistocene Series Stone Loess; Q₃, Upper Pleistocene Series Malan Loess.

Fig. 3 Variations of ion concentrations in groundwater and surface water in the Longdong Loess Basin

Fig. 4 Relationships of Cl^- with TDS (a) and major ions (b, c, d, e and f) of groundwater and surface water collected from the Longdong Loess Basin. TDS, total dissolved solids.

Fig. 5 δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of groundwater in the Dongzhi Tableland, surface water in the Malian River and precipitation in Xi'an and at the Malian River headwater. GMWL, global meteoric water line; LMWL, local meteoric water line.

Fig. 6 Contour maps of the δ¹⁸O (a) and δ²H (b) of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin

Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of groundwater ages in the Dongzhi Tableland

Fig. 8 Relationship between the δ¹⁸O value of surface water, groundwater and precipitation and the distance from the headwater of the Malian River

Fig. 9 Relationship between the ratio of (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)/Na⁺ and the ¹⁴C age of groundwater

Fig. 10 Relationship between the δ¹⁸O value and groundwater age along with modern precipitation

Sample No.	Depth (m)	pH	TDS (mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	HCO₃^- (mg/L)	Cl^- (mg/L)	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	NO₃^- (mg/L)	F^- (mg/L)	δ²H (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)
G1	120	8.47	246	37.43	12.91	17.24	1.38	275	7.65	2.50	4.23	0.07	-68.77	-9.54
G2	120	7.07	254	51.60	4.71	22.06	0.71	231	4.73	4.84	9.37	0.42	-72.03	-10.08
G3	130	7.84	261	41.85	14.46	9.37	1.29	270	3.89	2.47	3.12	0.06	-71.57	-9.85
G4	80	7.83	255	65.44	6.26	21.82	0.30	281	5.80	7.52	13.15	0.00	-73.65	-10.52
G5	150	8.30	230	55.96	5.06	23.73	0.45	265	4.31	6.15	7.63	0.28	-69.70	-9.41
G6	110	8.02	240	35.38	12.56	20.20	1.65	267	3.10	1.46	3.88	0.07	-71.72	-9.77
G7	160	7.80	252	62.64	5.56	29.15	0.53	274	4.92	7.01	13.64	0.00	-74.43	-10.61
G8	180	8.11	236	32.51	3.27	72.55	0.39	271	4.41	5.14	9.47	0.00	-73.33	-10.24
G9	130	8.15	221	18.20	7.57	37.10	0.93	263	2.38	0.98	3.52	0.11	-70.54	-9.81
G10	80	7.45	246	51.78	4.89	17.56	0.79	240	3.07	3.47	8.09	0.34	-73.17	-10.04
G11	350	8.50	240	40.47	14.76	12.26	1.57	259	4.62	3.08	4.70	0.06	-71.22	-9.71
G12	185	8.14	256	57.49	5.83	34.29	0.51	292	5.69	4.63	13.80	0.35	-72.05	-9.91
G13	114	7.97	230	32.70	2.97	44.65	0.92	238	3.43	2.57	9.14	0.41	-71.92	-10.11
G14	110	8.26	252	59.54	6.02	29.93	0.47	308	3.87	5.43	10.39	0.27	-71.66	-9.89
G15	130	8.19	224	39.08	13.52	10.39	1.50	287	3.34	1.66	3.01	0.07	-70.22	-9.64
G16	120	8.30	224	48.02	4.26	19.14	0.75	227	3.30	3.19	8.29	0.35	-70.50	-9.64
G17	120	8.15	238	58.45	5.08	24.78	0.73	271	4.47	6.36	10.80	0.31	-71.78	-9.80
G18	130	7.67	236	46.71	4.14	20.21	0.79	221	3.03	3.14	6.26	0.31	-70.94	-9.79
G19	160	7.98	229	29.59	9.74	26.16	1.83	257	5.24	1.53	8.75	0.09	-72.10	-9.92
G20	114	8.38	221	37.91	3.14	36.46	0.49	231	3.18	3.52	6.69	0.43	-70.83	-10.23
G21	190	8.11	232	45.99	4.11	19.70	0.60	223	2.78	2.81	6.05	0.35	-69.83	-9.88
G22	48	7.99	249	47.86	3.83	24.08	0.51	230	3.19	3.12	7.65	0.34	-71.57	-10.09
G23	100	8.55	249	40.49	3.13	36.77	0.76	230	3.86	2.58	8.18	0.44	-73.14	-10.50
G24	110	8.24	243	45.12	14.47	9.61	0.93	298	3.62	3.26	3.35	0.07	-69.87	-9.55
G25	100	8.32	244	47.20	4.32	23.66	0.60	240	5.66	4.02	3.19	0.38	-70.74	-9.90
G26	130	8.18	236	26.79	10.06	33.28	1.70	287	3.35	1.54	2.11	0.11	-71.88	-9.82
G27	150	8.32	244	22.49	2.55	60.12	0.86	256	2.66	2.25	0.24	2.25	-72.94	-10.08
G28	150	8.16	236	17.86	7.83	42.66	2.08	281	3.81	1.00	1.92	0.13	-72.94	-9.97
G29	100	8.63	227	41.75	3.96	28.27	0.50	223	3.60	3.88	5.67	1.71	-72.95	-10.31
G30	200	8.48	246	46.52	4.54	20.59	0.63	226	2.95	3.85	5.96	0.37	-69.76	-9.97
G31	100	7.53	340	14.59	7.20	45.70	1.72	249	6.20	6.60	2.19	0.15	-72.40	-9.87
G32	150	8.02	234	52.14	4.26	16.15	0.72	219	3.14	3.70	6.07	0.35	-70.76	-9.79
G33	135	8.21	248	31.24	2.78	47.23	0.49	235	4.26	2.64	14.28	0.55	-74.56	-10.27
G34	151	8.18	227	28.22	2.60	43.77	0.62	226	3.08	2.10	8.94	0.55	-72.92	-10.29
G35	92	8.30	240	53.98	4.18	16.95	0.46	210	5.76	4.55	13.12	0.39	-71.36	-10.08
G36	110	8.31	220	40.94	3.66	25.05	0.61	215	4.11	3.73	9.55	0.47	-70.66	-10.04
G37	300	7.81	246	31.24	10.98	18.88	1.14	248	5.24	1.75	6.47	0.06	-73.29	-9.94
G38	110	7.92	220	28.48	10.01	22.64	1.60	255	3.76	1.91	2.98	0.07	-73.49	-9.94
G39	150	7.96	241	28.97	12.49	43.82	1.60	236	7.71	1.90	14.29	0.10	-76.64	-10.39
G40	75	8.57	242	31.22	2.87	44.16	0.90	230	3.38	3.20	11.01	0.47	-72.17	-10.05
G41	150	8.49	150	10.91	4.32	28.50	1.25	187	3.12	2.02	4.17	0.11	-65.76	-8.53
G42	100	8.93	220	38.66	13.28	11.00	1.77	259	5.24	2.36	3.16	0.06	-72.26	-9.79
G43	150	8.04	266	54.40	4.84	15.96	0.32	223	3.22	15.99	9.32	0.39	-72.17	-10.06
G44	155	7.96	250	37.84	12.92	10.99	1.62	240	3.48	1.76	3.49	0.07	-68.48	-9.37
Sample No.	Depth (m)	pH	TDS (mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	HCO₃^- (mg/L)	Cl^- (mg/L)	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	NO₃^- (mg/L)	F^- (mg/L)	δ²H (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)
G45	180	8.73	224	35.52	12.82	11.35	1.04	243	3.44	1.71	3.59	0.06	-68.65	-9.35
G46	110	8.33	234	15.60	7.35	41.90	1.43	269	3.41	1.60	3.18	0.10	-71.69	-9.53
G47	250	8.39	266	23.66	2.35	72.05	1.82	231	2.41	2.41	4.39	0.57	-74.37	-10.32
G48	170	8.07	228	25.50	10.47	29.18	1.61	270	3.14	1.50	3.07	0.10	-69.45	-9.41
G49	100	8.34	211	34.38	3.25	29.39	0.77	210	1.90	3.85	7.57	0.64	-72.39	-9.88
G50	90	8.18	199	22.32	8.52	12.83	1.47	223	2.36	1.49	3.01	0.07	-71.21	-9.65
G51	120	8.13	210	36.96	12.98	8.69	0.97	249	2.85	2.30	3.28	0.06	-70.53	-9.59
G52	120	8.11	137	18.86	7.13	12.34	1.26	155	4.42	3.09	1.65	0.05	-72.65	-9.88
G53	200	8.26	226	28.06	3.30	39.75	0.56	206	2.54	2.68	6.42	0.55	-72.20	-9.94
G54	110	8.30	78	8.91	1.91	11.68	1.21	127	4.60	3.92	1.06	0.03	-74.72	-10.15
G55	145	7.86	251	49.70	4.85	18.67	0.45	219	2.93	4.30	6.69	0.31	-72.32	-10.22
G56	180	8.12	267	53.20	4.68	19.45	0.42	226	5.57	3.68	20.53	0.41	-72.68	-10.33
G57	150	8.68	241	39.43	3.34	33.59	0.65	224	3.66	2.71	10.35	0.47	-72.77	-10.31
G58	100	7.30	239	65.63	4.79	13.14	2.21	263	3.49	5.75	9.70	0.41	-74.10	-10.26
G59	190	7.86	251	52.79	4.38	17.59	0.63	230	2.58	3.33	7.00	0.28	-72.58	-10.36
G60	110	8.02	249	52.12	4.37	16.52	0.58	230	4.00	4.08	7.82	0.36	-70.13	-9.67
G61	263	8.14	249	32.24	3.71	75.53	0.74	288	3.43	4.19	5.63	0.35	-74.78	-10.26
G62	180	8.17	235	49.19	4.31	15.49	0.53	215	3.41	4.20	4.96	0.31	-69.26	-9.44
G63	75	7.81	246	64.51	5.59	19.80	0.32	261	5.22	12.16	10.73	0.30	-69.59	-9.05
G64	170	8.19	227	35.14	2.93	35.62	0.58	220	3.95	3.79	9.79	0.38	-70.75	-9.93
G65	210	8.13	226	43.03	3.94	19.43	0.66	212	2.35	3.14	5.89	0.31	-69.32	-9.64
G66	15	7.67	576	51.02	11.90	148.25	1.79	271	72.13	144.98	12.18	0.90	-72.01	-9.80
G67	26	7.71	457	47.73	12.06	103.38	1.57	324	41.56	45.62	37.00	0.58	-68.95	-9.09
G68	13	7.95	998	120.45	27.58	133.70	7.70	200	315.61	138.47	46.02	0.00	-69.84	-9.85
G69	7	7.90	970	75.80	20.68	234.80	1.69	346	234.31	215.99	13.27	0.00	-74.83	-10.45
G70	12	7.83	1189	97.80	26.24	274.78	1.61	287	295.11	306.65	34.27	0.00	-78.57	-11.08
G71	10	7.67	3410	335.66	110.41	810.95	9.16	283	818.72	1462.75	221.53	0.00	-86.15	-11.70
SW1	-	8.39	899	63.61	69.42	138.98	7.17	194	139.26	145.29	5.96	0.00	-72.03	-9.44
SW2	-	8.96	1236	70.76	77.97	166.52	9.43	229	175.00	170.69	7.20	0.00	-66.74	-8.70
SW3	-	8.42	2080	99.19	137.49	269.72	9.11	193	360.30	289.45	15.49	0.00	-70.68	-9.13
SW4	-	8.48	2380	157.79	56.77	629.95	4.50	232	759.60	769.55	60.16	0.00	-70.57	-9.03
SW5	-	8.70	816	57.65	16.63	217.33	1.88	261	157.55	203.30	7.79	0.94	-66.28	-8.76
SW6	-	8.64	2760	197.07	71.14	709.39	3.21	225	832.62	816.81	78.03	0.00	-59.13	-7.04
SW7	-	8.41	1533	127.55	34.52	410.63	3.84	260	397.98	472.77	27.54	0.00	-59.70	-7.01
SW8	-	8.36	7330	654.38	218.79	1843.86	12.95	162	2647.73	2214.16	292.63	0.00	-64.30	-7.23

Table S1 Concentrations of chemical ions and values of the δ²H and δ¹⁸O of groundwater (G) and surface water (SW) samples in the Longdong Loess Basin

Table S2 ¹⁴C age of groundwater

Fig. S1 Relationship between the concentration of Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ in groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland


[1]	Amanambu A C, Obarein O A, Mossa J, et al. 2020. Groundwater system and climate change: Present status and future considerations. Journal of Hydrology, 589:125-163.

[2]	Choi S U, Yoon B, Woo H. 2005. Effects of dam-induced flow regime change on downstream river morphology and vegetation cover in the Hwang River, Korea. River Research and Applications, 21(2-3):315-325. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1535-1467

[3]	Christensen N S, Wood A W, Voisin N, et al. 2004. Effects of climate change on the hydrology and water resources of the Colorado River basin. Climatic Change, 62(1):337-363. doi: 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013684.13621.1f

[4]	Cigna F, Tapete D. 2021. Satellite InSAR survey of structurally-controlled land subsidence due to groundwater exploitation in the Aguascalientes Valley, Mexico. Remote Sensing of Environment, 254:112254, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112254. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112254

[5]	Clark I D, Fritz P. 1997. Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 153-154.

[6]	Cochand M, Molson J, Barth J A C, et al. 2020. Rapid groundwater recharge dynamics determined from hydrogeochemical and isotope data in a small permafrost watershed near Umiujaq (Nunavik, Canada). Hydrogeology Journal, 28:853-868. doi: 10.1007/s10040-020-02109-x

[7]	Conway D. 2005. From headwater tributaries to international river: Observing and adapting to climate variability and change in the Nile basin. Global Environmental Change, 15(2):99-114. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.003

[8]	Cook P G, Herczeg A L. 2000. Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology. Boston: Springer, 72-73.

[9]	Dansgaard W. 1964. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus, 16(4):436-468. doi: 10.3402/tellusa.v16i4.8993

[10]	Deng Y, Zheng Z, Cour P, et al. 2002. Relation between pollen ratios and climate in east China and an attempt of paleoclimate reconstruction. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 41(4):508-516.

[11]	Ding Z Y, Ma J Z, He J H. 2009. Geochemical evolution of groundwater in the southwest of Tengger desert, NW of China. Arid Land Geography, 32(6):948-957. (in Chinese)

[12]	Dong J B, Eiler J, An Z S, et al. 2020. Clumped and stable isotopes of land snail shells on the Chinese Loess Plateau and their climatic implications. Chemical Geology, 533:119414, doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119414. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119414

[13]	Dong W H. 2005. Application of inverse hydrogeochemical modeling in ¹⁴C age correction of deep groundwater in the Ordos Cretaceous Artesian Basin. PhD Dissertation. Changchun: Jilin University. (in Chinese)

[14]	Eagle R A, Risi C, Mitchell J L, et al. 2013. High regional climate sensitivity over continental China constrained by glacial-recent changes in temperature and the hydrological cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(22):8813-8818.

[15]	Edmunds W M, Guendouz A H, Mamou A. 2003. Groundwater evolution in the Continental Intercalaire aquifer of southern Algeria and Tunisia: trace element and isotopic indicators. Applied Geochemistry, 18(6):805-822. doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00189-0

[16]	Edmunds W M, Ma J Z, Aeschbach-Hertig W, et al. 2006. Groundwater recharge history and hydeogeochemical evolution in the Minqin Basin, North West China. Applied Geochemistry, 21(12):2148-2170. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.07.016

[17]	Fontes J C, Garnier J M. 1979. Determination of the initial ¹⁴C activity of the total dissolved carbon: A review of the existing models and a new approach. Water Resources Research, 15(2):399-413. doi: 10.1029/WR015i002p00399

[18]	Gerber C, Vaikmäe R, Aeschbach W, et al. 2017. Using ⁸¹Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 205:187-210. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.033

[19]	Godwin H. 1962. Half-life of radiocarbon. Nature, 195(4845):984, doi: 10.1038/195984a0. doi: 10.1038/195984a0

[20]	Gonfiantini R. 1986. Environmental isotopes in lake studies. In: Fritz P, Fontes J C. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 113-168.

[21]	He J H, Zhang J, Ding Z Y, et al. 2011. Evolution of groundwater geochemistry in the Minqin Basin: Taking chloride as an indicator of groundwater recharge. Resources Science, 33(3):416-421. (in Chinese)

[22]	He J H. 2013. The ¹⁴C age correction of the groundwater in the Shule River Basin. PhD Dissertation. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese)

[23]	Hu J, Emile-Geay J, Tabor C, et al. 2019. Deciphering oxygen isotope records from Chinese speleothems with an isotope-enabled climate model. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(12):2098-2112. doi: 10.1029/2019PA003741

[24]	Huang T M, Ma B Q, Pang Z H, et al. 2020. How does precipitation recharge groundwater in loess aquifers? Evidence from multiple environmental tracers. Journal of Hydrology, 583:124532, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124532. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124532

[25]	Jesiya N P, Gopinath G, Resmi T R. 2021. Comprehending the groundwater recharge of a coastal city in humid tropical setting using stable isotopes. Journal of Environmental Management, 287:112260, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112260. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112260 pmid: 33714731

[26]	Jia B. 2010. Study on evolution of water quality and impact of oil development in the Malian River Basin of Longdong Loess Plateau. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese)

[27]	Jia W H, Yin L H, Zhang M S, et al. 2021. Quantification of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration along a semi-arid wetland transect using diurnal water table fluctuations. Journal of Arid Land, 13(5):455-469. doi: 10.1007/s40333-021-0100-7

[28]	Kinzelbach W, Bauer P, Siegfried T, et al. 2003. Sustainable groundwater management—problems and scientific tools. Episodes, 26(4):279-284. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i4/002

[29]	Li C B, Qi J G, Wang S B, et al. 2014. A holistic system approach to understanding underground water dynamics in the Loess Tableland: A case study of the Dongzhi Loess Tableland in Northwest China. Water Resources Management, 28:2937-2951. doi: 10.1007/s11269-014-0647-6

[30]	Li H X. 2015. Analysis of groundwater level change in recent 30 years in Dongzhi Tableland. Ground Water, 37(6):63-64. (in Chinese)

[31]	Li P C. 1999. Study on rational determination of specific yield in aquifer of loess area. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 11:38-41. (in Chinese)

[32]	Li W Y. 2013. Dynamics of underground water system and rational utilization of water resources in the Dongzhi Loess Tableland. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese)

[33]	Liang J N. 2011. Study on soil's heavy metal contents and soil quality evaluation of Longdong Tableland area. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese)

[34]	Ling X Y. 2019. Study on groundwater recharge and hydrogeochemical evolution of the loess plateau in East Gansu. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese)

[35]	Ling X Y, Ma J Z, Chen P Y, et al. 2021. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and radiocarbon dating of groundwater in the Dongzhi Tableland of Longdong Loess Plateau. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 57(1):24-32. (in Chinese)

[36]	Liu C M, Xia J. 2004. Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow River and the Huai and Hai River basins of China. Hydrological Processes, 18:2197-2210. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085

[37]	Liu D S. 1985. Loess and Environment. Beijing: Science Press, 85-87. (in Chinese)

[38]	Liu J R, Song X F, Yuan G F, et al. 2008. Characteristics of δ ¹⁸O in precipitation over Northwest China and its water vapor sources. Acta Geographica Sinica, 63(1):12-22. (in Chinese)

[39]	Liu J Y, Zhang F P, Feng Q, et al. 2019. Stable isotopes characteristics of precipitation over Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and its water vapor sources. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(7):2191-2200. (in Chinese)

[40]	Ma J Z, Chen F H, Zhao H. 2004. Groundwater recharge and climatic change during the last 1000 years from unsaturated zone of SE Badain Jaran Desert. Chinese Science Bulletin, 49(14):22-26. (in Chinese)

[41]	Ma J Z, Li X H, Huang T M, et al. 2005. Chemical evolution and recharge characteristics of water resources in the Shiyang River Basin. Resources Science, 27(3):117-122. (in Chinese)

[42]	Ma J Z, Edmunds W M. 2006. Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert ecosystem, Inner Mongolia. Hydrogeology Journal, 14:1231-1243. doi: 10.1007/s10040-006-0045-0

[43]	Ma J Z, Pan F, Chen L H. et al. 2010. Isotopic and geochemical evidence of recharge sources and water quality in the Quaternary aquifer beneath Jinchang city, NW China. Applied Geochemistry, 25(7):996-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.006

[44]	Ma J Z, He J H, Qi S, et al. 2013. Groundwater recharge and evolution in the Dunhuang Basin, northwestern China. Applied Geochemistry, 28:19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.10.007

[45]	Magilligan F J, Nislow K H. 2005. Changes in hydrologic regime by dams. Geomorphology, 71(1-2):61-78. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.017

[46]	Majoube M. 1971. Oxygen-18 and deuterium fractionation between water and steam. Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique, 68:1423-1436. (in French)

[47]	Murad A A, Garamoon H, Hussein S, et al. 2011. Hydrogeochemical characterization and isotope investigations of a carbonate aquifer of the northern part of the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(1):213-225. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.07.013

[48]	Obeidat M, Awawdeh M, Al-Kharabsheh N, et al. 2021. Source identification of nitrate in the upper aquifer system of the Wadi Shueib catchment area in Jordan based on stable isotope composition. Journal of Arid Land, 13(4):350-374. doi: 10.1007/s40333-021-0055-8

[49]	Pan F, Chen L H, Fu S J, et al. 2012. A study on the transport performance of the petroleum contaminants in soil of the Longdong loess plateau. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 32(2):410-418. (in Chinese)

[50]	Pan F, Zhang Q H, He J H. 2014. Groundwater recharge environment and geochemistry evolution of the Quaternary aquifer in the Dongzhiyuan region, Gansu Province. Arid Land Geography, 37(1):9-18. (in Chinese)

[51]	Pang Y J, Zhang H, Cheng H H, et al. 2020. The modulation of groundwater exploitation on crustal stress in the North China Plain, and its implications on seismicity. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 189:104141, doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104141. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104141

[52]	Patil N S, Chetan N L, Nataraja M, et al. 2020. Climate change scenarios and its effect on groundwater level in the Hiranyakeshi watershed. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10:100323, doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100323. doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100323

[53]	Pearson F J, Hanshaw B B. 1970. Sources of dissolved carbonate species in groundwater and their effects on carbon-14 dating. In: I.A.E.A. Symposium on the Use of Isotopes in Hydrology. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 9-13.

[54]	Plummer L N, Prestemon E C, Parkhurst D L. 1991. An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling net geochemical reactions along a flow path. In: Water-Resource Investigations Report 91-4078. Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. Reston, USA.

[55]	Qu H L. 1991. China Arid and Semi-arid Areas Groundwater Resources Assessment. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)

[56]	Ragab R, Prudhomme C. 2002. SW—soil and water: climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: Prospective and challenges for the 21^st century. Biosystems Engineering, 81(1):3-34. doi: 10.1006/bioe.2001.0013

[57]	Shiklomanov I A, Rodda J C. 2003. World Water Resources at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 289-290.

[58]	Sklash M G. 1990. Environmental isotope studies of storm and snow melt runoff generation. In: Anderson M G, Burt T P. Process Studies in Hillslope Hydrology. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 401-436.

[59]	Su X S, Wan Y Y, Dong W H, et al. 2009. Hydraulic relationship between Malianhe River and groundwater: Hydrogeochemical and isotopic evidences. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 39(6):1087-1094. (in Chinese)

[60]	Su Y H, Zhu G F, Feng Q, et al. 2009. Chemical evolution of shallow groundwater and the residence time in the Ejina Basin. Arid Land Geography, 32(4):544-551. (in Chinese)

[61]	Tamers M A. 1966. Instituto venezolano de investigaciones cientificas natural radiocarbon measurements II. Radiocarbon, 8:204-212. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200000114

[62]	Vogel J C. 1967. Investigation of groundwater flow with radiocarbon. In: Symposium on Isotopes in Hydrology. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 355-369.

[63]	Walling D E, Fang D. 2003. Recent trends in the suspended sediment loads of the world's rivers. Global and Planetary Change, 39(1-2):111-126. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00020-1

[64]	Wang P, Zhang F E, Chen Z Y. 2020. Characterization of recharge processes and groundwater flow paths using isotopes in the arid Santanghu basin, Northwest China. Hydrogeology Journal, 28:1037-1051. doi: 10.1007/s10040-020-02119-9

[65]	Wang W H, Chen Y N, Wang W R. 2020. Groundwater recharge in the oasis-desert areas of northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Hydrology Research, 51(6):1506-1520. doi: 10.2166/nh.2020.071

[66]	Wang Y, Liu R Q. 2005. Groundwater resources in Dongzhiyuan and its sustainable utilization. Water Resources Protection, 21(1):64-66. (in Chinese)

[67]	Wang Y S, Cheng X X, Zhang M N, et al. 2018. Tracing the interactions between river water and groundwater in the lower reaches of Malian River. Water Resources and Power, 36(9):48-51. (in Chinese)

[68]	Wheater H S, Tompkins J A, van Leeuwen M, et al. 2010. Uncertainty in groundwater flow and transport modelling—a stochastic analysis of well-protection zones. Hydrological Processes, 14(11-12):2019-2029. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1085

[69]	Xia J, Zhang Y Y. 2008. Water security in north China and countermeasure to climate change and human activity. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 33(5):359-363. doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2008.02.009

[70]	Ye B S, Yang D Y, Kane D L. 2003. Changes in Lena River streamflow hydrology: Human impacts versus natural variations. Water Resources Research, 39(7):1200-1214.

[71]	Yu G, Xue B, Liu J, et al. 2003. LGM lake records from China and an analysis of climate dynamics using a modelling approach. Global and Planetary Change, 38(3-4):223-256. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00257-6

[72]	Zhang E L, Chang J, Shulmeister J, et al. 2019. Summer temperature fluctuations in Southwestern China during the end of the LGM and the last deglaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 509:78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.12.024

[73]	Zhang Q H, Zhang Y R, Zhao Y P, et al. 2011. Geochemical evolution of groundwater and hydrogeochemical modeling in Jinta Basin. Arid Land Geography, 34(5):772-778. (in Chinese)

[74]	Zhang Q H, Luo Z X, Lu W, et al. 2020. Using water isotopes and hydrogeochemical evidences to characterize groundwater age and recharge rate in the Zhangjiakou area, North China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30:935-948. doi: 10.1007/s11442-020-1763-2

[75]	Zheng H H, Theng B K G, Whitton J S. 1994. Mineral composition of Loess-Paleosol samples form the Loess Plateau of China and its environmental significance. Chinese Journal of Geochimica, 13:61-72.

[76]	Zhu G F, Su Y H, Feng Q. 2008. The hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater and surface water in the Heihe River Basin, northwest China. Hydrogeology Journal, 16:167-182. doi: 10.1007/s10040-007-0216-7

[1]	QIN Guoqiang, WU Bin, DONG Xinguang, DU Mingliang, WANG Bo. Evolution of groundwater recharge-discharge balance in the Turpan Basin of China during 1959-2021[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(9): 1037-1051.

[2]	WANG Yaobin, SHANGGUAN Zhouping. Formation mechanisms and remediation techniques for low-efficiency artificial shelter forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(8): 837-848.

[3]	Youssef HAJHOUJI, Younes FAKIR, Simon GASCOIN, Vincent SIMONNEAUX, Abdelghani CHEHBOUNI. Dynamics of groundwater recharge near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream under wet and normal climate conditions[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(7): 739-752.

[4]	WU Huining, CUI Qiaoyu. High-frequency climatic fluctuations over the past 30 ka in northwestern margin of the East Asian monsoon region, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(12): 1331-1343.

[5]	CHEN Shumin, JIN Zhao, ZHANG Jing, YANG Siqi. Soil quality assessment in different dammed-valley farmlands in the hilly-gully mountain areas of the northern Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(8): 777-789.

[6]	JIA Wuhui, YIN Lihe, ZHANG Maosheng, ZHANG Xinxin, ZHANG Jun, TANG Xiaoping, DONG Jiaqiu. Quantification of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration along a semi-arid wetland transect using diurnal water table fluctuations[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(5): 455-469.

[7]	CHENG Junhui, SHI Xiaojun, FAN Pengrui, ZHOU Xiaobing, SHENG Jiandong, ZHANG Yuanming. Relationship of species diversity between overstory trees and understory herbs along the environmental gradients in the Tianshan Wild Fruit Forests, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(4): 618-629.

[8]	Hongfen ZHU, Yi CAO, Yaodong JING, Geng LIU, Rutian BI, Wude YANG. Multi-scale spatial relationships between soil total nitrogen and influencing factors in a basin landscape based on multivariate empirical mode decomposition[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(3): 385-399.

[9]	SHI Peihong, YANG Taibao, TIAN Qingchun, LI Chengxiu. A warmer but drier Marine Isotope Stage 11 during the past 650 ka as revealed by the thickest loess on the western Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2016, 8(3): 315-330.

[10]	WU Huawu, LI Xiaoyan, LI Jing, JIANG Zhiyun, LI Guangyong, LIU Lei. Evaporative enrichment of stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) in lake water and the relation to lake-level change of Lake Qinghai, Northeast Tibetan Plateau of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2015, 7(5): 623-635.

[11]	Yi LUO, Marios SOPHOCLEOUS. Two-way coupling of unsaturated-saturated flow by integrating the SWAT and MODFLOW models with application in an irrigation district in arid region of West China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2011, 3(3): 164-173.

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed