Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0051-7

Journal of Arid Land

2022, Vol. 14

Issue (1): 34-55 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0051-7

Research article

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China

LING Xinying¹^,²^,^*(

), MA Jinzhu¹, CHEN Peiyuan¹, LIU Changjie², Juske HORITA²^,^*(

)

¹Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental System (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
²Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX79409, USA

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Abstract

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions. Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge, the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China, is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area. In this study, 71 groundwater samples (mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River) and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected, and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions, together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources, residence time and their associated recharge processes. Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley, while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation. Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO₃-Ca-Na type with low salinity. The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland. The δ ¹⁸O (from -11.70‰ to -8.52‰) and δ²H (from -86.15‰ to -65.75‰) values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone, suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past (≤220 a). The corrected¹⁴C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old, indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east, south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a. The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability. Based on the δ ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater, we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4°C-6.0°C colder than the present. The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer, which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.

Key words： groundwater recharge hydrogeochemical evolution isotope technology ¹⁴C dating paleoclimate residence time Chinese Loess Plateau

Received: 07 April 2021 Published: 31 January 2022

Corresponding Authors: LING Xinying, Juske HORITA E-mail: lingxinying2009@126.com;juske.horita@ttu.edu

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Cite this article:

LING Xinying, MA Jinzhu, CHEN Peiyuan, LIU Changjie, Juske HORITA. Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(1): 34-55.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0051-7 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I1/34

Fig. 1 Overview of the Longdong Loess Basin (a) and sample location (b). G1-G71, groundwater samples; SW1-SW8, surface water samples. A represents Pengyang village, B represents Gaolou village, and the line between A and B represents the geological profile of A-B transect showed in Figure 2. DEM, digital elevation model.

Fig. 2 Geological cross-section along A-B transect of the Dongzhi Tableland (modified from Huang et al. (2020)). K₁h, Cretaceous Sandstone; K₁lh, Tertiary Mudstone; Q₁, Lower Pleistocene Series Wucheng Loess; Q₂, Middle Pleistocene Series Stone Loess; Q₃, Upper Pleistocene Series Malan Loess.

Fig. 3 Variations of ion concentrations in groundwater and surface water in the Longdong Loess Basin

Fig. 4 Relationships of Cl^- with TDS (a) and major ions (b, c, d, e and f) of groundwater and surface water collected from the Longdong Loess Basin. TDS, total dissolved solids.

Fig. 5 δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of groundwater in the Dongzhi Tableland, surface water in the Malian River and precipitation in Xi'an and at the Malian River headwater. GMWL, global meteoric water line; LMWL, local meteoric water line.

Fig. 6 Contour maps of the δ¹⁸O (a) and δ²H (b) of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin

Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of groundwater ages in the Dongzhi Tableland

Fig. 8 Relationship between the δ¹⁸O value of surface water, groundwater and precipitation and the distance from the headwater of the Malian River

Fig. 9 Relationship between the ratio of (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)/Na⁺ and the ¹⁴C age of groundwater

Fig. 10 Relationship between the δ¹⁸O value and groundwater age along with modern precipitation

Sample No.	Depth (m)	pH	TDS (mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	HCO₃^- (mg/L)	Cl^- (mg/L)	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	NO₃^- (mg/L)	F^- (mg/L)	δ²H (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)
G1	120	8.47	246	37.43	12.91	17.24	1.38	275	7.65	2.50	4.23	0.07	-68.77	-9.54
G2	120	7.07	254	51.60	4.71	22.06	0.71	231	4.73	4.84	9.37	0.42	-72.03	-10.08
G3	130	7.84	261	41.85	14.46	9.37	1.29	270	3.89	2.47	3.12	0.06	-71.57	-9.85
G4	80	7.83	255	65.44	6.26	21.82	0.30	281	5.80	7.52	13.15	0.00	-73.65	-10.52
G5	150	8.30	230	55.96	5.06	23.73	0.45	265	4.31	6.15	7.63	0.28	-69.70	-9.41
G6	110	8.02	240	35.38	12.56	20.20	1.65	267	3.10	1.46	3.88	0.07	-71.72	-9.77
G7	160	7.80	252	62.64	5.56	29.15	0.53	274	4.92	7.01	13.64	0.00	-74.43	-10.61
G8	180	8.11	236	32.51	3.27	72.55	0.39	271	4.41	5.14	9.47	0.00	-73.33	-10.24
G9	130	8.15	221	18.20	7.57	37.10	0.93	263	2.38	0.98	3.52	0.11	-70.54	-9.81
G10	80	7.45	246	51.78	4.89	17.56	0.79	240	3.07	3.47	8.09	0.34	-73.17	-10.04
G11	350	8.50	240	40.47	14.76	12.26	1.57	259	4.62	3.08	4.70	0.06	-71.22	-9.71
G12	185	8.14	256	57.49	5.83	34.29	0.51	292	5.69	4.63	13.80	0.35	-72.05	-9.91
G13	114	7.97	230	32.70	2.97	44.65	0.92	238	3.43	2.57	9.14	0.41	-71.92	-10.11
G14	110	8.26	252	59.54	6.02	29.93	0.47	308	3.87	5.43	10.39	0.27	-71.66	-9.89
G15	130	8.19	224	39.08	13.52	10.39	1.50	287	3.34	1.66	3.01	0.07	-70.22	-9.64
G16	120	8.30	224	48.02	4.26	19.14	0.75	227	3.30	3.19	8.29	0.35	-70.50	-9.64
G17	120	8.15	238	58.45	5.08	24.78	0.73	271	4.47	6.36	10.80	0.31	-71.78	-9.80
G18	130	7.67	236	46.71	4.14	20.21	0.79	221	3.03	3.14	6.26	0.31	-70.94	-9.79
G19	160	7.98	229	29.59	9.74	26.16	1.83	257	5.24	1.53	8.75	0.09	-72.10	-9.92
G20	114	8.38	221	37.91	3.14	36.46	0.49	231	3.18	3.52	6.69	0.43	-70.83	-10.23
G21	190	8.11	232	45.99	4.11	19.70	0.60	223	2.78	2.81	6.05	0.35	-69.83	-9.88
G22	48	7.99	249	47.86	3.83	24.08	0.51	230	3.19	3.12	7.65	0.34	-71.57	-10.09
G23	100	8.55	249	40.49	3.13	36.77	0.76	230	3.86	2.58	8.18	0.44	-73.14	-10.50
G24	110	8.24	243	45.12	14.47	9.61	0.93	298	3.62	3.26	3.35	0.07	-69.87	-9.55
G25	100	8.32	244	47.20	4.32	23.66	0.60	240	5.66	4.02	3.19	0.38	-70.74	-9.90
G26	130	8.18	236	26.79	10.06	33.28	1.70	287	3.35	1.54	2.11	0.11	-71.88	-9.82
G27	150	8.32	244	22.49	2.55	60.12	0.86	256	2.66	2.25	0.24	2.25	-72.94	-10.08
G28	150	8.16	236	17.86	7.83	42.66	2.08	281	3.81	1.00	1.92	0.13	-72.94	-9.97
G29	100	8.63	227	41.75	3.96	28.27	0.50	223	3.60	3.88	5.67	1.71	-72.95	-10.31
G30	200	8.48	246	46.52	4.54	20.59	0.63	226	2.95	3.85	5.96	0.37	-69.76	-9.97
G31	100	7.53	340	14.59	7.20	45.70	1.72	249	6.20	6.60	2.19	0.15	-72.40	-9.87
G32	150	8.02	234	52.14	4.26	16.15	0.72	219	3.14	3.70	6.07	0.35	-70.76	-9.79
G33	135	8.21	248	31.24	2.78	47.23	0.49	235	4.26	2.64	14.28	0.55	-74.56	-10.27
G34	151	8.18	227	28.22	2.60	43.77	0.62	226	3.08	2.10	8.94	0.55	-72.92	-10.29
G35	92	8.30	240	53.98	4.18	16.95	0.46	210	5.76	4.55	13.12	0.39	-71.36	-10.08
G36	110	8.31	220	40.94	3.66	25.05	0.61	215	4.11	3.73	9.55	0.47	-70.66	-10.04
G37	300	7.81	246	31.24	10.98	18.88	1.14	248	5.24	1.75	6.47	0.06	-73.29	-9.94
G38	110	7.92	220	28.48	10.01	22.64	1.60	255	3.76	1.91	2.98	0.07	-73.49	-9.94
G39	150	7.96	241	28.97	12.49	43.82	1.60	236	7.71	1.90	14.29	0.10	-76.64	-10.39
G40	75	8.57	242	31.22	2.87	44.16	0.90	230	3.38	3.20	11.01	0.47	-72.17	-10.05
G41	150	8.49	150	10.91	4.32	28.50	1.25	187	3.12	2.02	4.17	0.11	-65.76	-8.53
G42	100	8.93	220	38.66	13.28	11.00	1.77	259	5.24	2.36	3.16	0.06	-72.26	-9.79
G43	150	8.04	266	54.40	4.84	15.96	0.32	223	3.22	15.99	9.32	0.39	-72.17	-10.06
G44	155	7.96	250	37.84	12.92	10.99	1.62	240	3.48	1.76	3.49	0.07	-68.48	-9.37
Sample No.	Depth (m)	pH	TDS (mg/L)	Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	Na⁺ (mg/L)	K⁺ (mg/L)	HCO₃^- (mg/L)	Cl^- (mg/L)	SO₄^2- (mg/L)	NO₃^- (mg/L)	F^- (mg/L)	δ²H (‰)	δ¹⁸O (‰)
G45	180	8.73	224	35.52	12.82	11.35	1.04	243	3.44	1.71	3.59	0.06	-68.65	-9.35
G46	110	8.33	234	15.60	7.35	41.90	1.43	269	3.41	1.60	3.18	0.10	-71.69	-9.53
G47	250	8.39	266	23.66	2.35	72.05	1.82	231	2.41	2.41	4.39	0.57	-74.37	-10.32
G48	170	8.07	228	25.50	10.47	29.18	1.61	270	3.14	1.50	3.07	0.10	-69.45	-9.41
G49	100	8.34	211	34.38	3.25	29.39	0.77	210	1.90	3.85	7.57	0.64	-72.39	-9.88
G50	90	8.18	199	22.32	8.52	12.83	1.47	223	2.36	1.49	3.01	0.07	-71.21	-9.65
G51	120	8.13	210	36.96	12.98	8.69	0.97	249	2.85	2.30	3.28	0.06	-70.53	-9.59
G52	120	8.11	137	18.86	7.13	12.34	1.26	155	4.42	3.09	1.65	0.05	-72.65	-9.88
G53	200	8.26	226	28.06	3.30	39.75	0.56	206	2.54	2.68	6.42	0.55	-72.20	-9.94
G54	110	8.30	78	8.91	1.91	11.68	1.21	127	4.60	3.92	1.06	0.03	-74.72	-10.15
G55	145	7.86	251	49.70	4.85	18.67	0.45	219	2.93	4.30	6.69	0.31	-72.32	-10.22
G56	180	8.12	267	53.20	4.68	19.45	0.42	226	5.57	3.68	20.53	0.41	-72.68	-10.33
G57	150	8.68	241	39.43	3.34	33.59	0.65	224	3.66	2.71	10.35	0.47	-72.77	-10.31
G58	100	7.30	239	65.63	4.79	13.14	2.21	263	3.49	5.75	9.70	0.41	-74.10	-10.26
G59	190	7.86	251	52.79	4.38	17.59	0.63	230	2.58	3.33	7.00	0.28	-72.58	-10.36
G60	110	8.02	249	52.12	4.37	16.52	0.58	230	4.00	4.08	7.82	0.36	-70.13	-9.67
G61	263	8.14	249	32.24	3.71	75.53	0.74	288	3.43	4.19	5.63	0.35	-74.78	-10.26
G62	180	8.17	235	49.19	4.31	15.49	0.53	215	3.41	4.20	4.96	0.31	-69.26	-9.44
G63	75	7.81	246	64.51	5.59	19.80	0.32	261	5.22	12.16	10.73	0.30	-69.59	-9.05
G64	170	8.19	227	35.14	2.93	35.62	0.58	220	3.95	3.79	9.79	0.38	-70.75	-9.93
G65	210	8.13	226	43.03	3.94	19.43	0.66	212	2.35	3.14	5.89	0.31	-69.32	-9.64
G66	15	7.67	576	51.02	11.90	148.25	1.79	271	72.13	144.98	12.18	0.90	-72.01	-9.80
G67	26	7.71	457	47.73	12.06	103.38	1.57	324	41.56	45.62	37.00	0.58	-68.95	-9.09
G68	13	7.95	998	120.45	27.58	133.70	7.70	200	315.61	138.47	46.02	0.00	-69.84	-9.85
G69	7	7.90	970	75.80	20.68	234.80	1.69	346	234.31	215.99	13.27	0.00	-74.83	-10.45
G70	12	7.83	1189	97.80	26.24	274.78	1.61	287	295.11	306.65	34.27	0.00	-78.57	-11.08
G71	10	7.67	3410	335.66	110.41	810.95	9.16	283	818.72	1462.75	221.53	0.00	-86.15	-11.70
SW1	-	8.39	899	63.61	69.42	138.98	7.17	194	139.26	145.29	5.96	0.00	-72.03	-9.44
SW2	-	8.96	1236	70.76	77.97	166.52	9.43	229	175.00	170.69	7.20	0.00	-66.74	-8.70
SW3	-	8.42	2080	99.19	137.49	269.72	9.11	193	360.30	289.45	15.49	0.00	-70.68	-9.13
SW4	-	8.48	2380	157.79	56.77	629.95	4.50	232	759.60	769.55	60.16	0.00	-70.57	-9.03
SW5	-	8.70	816	57.65	16.63	217.33	1.88	261	157.55	203.30	7.79	0.94	-66.28	-8.76
SW6	-	8.64	2760	197.07	71.14	709.39	3.21	225	832.62	816.81	78.03	0.00	-59.13	-7.04
SW7	-	8.41	1533	127.55	34.52	410.63	3.84	260	397.98	472.77	27.54	0.00	-59.70	-7.01
SW8	-	8.36	7330	654.38	218.79	1843.86	12.95	162	2647.73	2214.16	292.63	0.00	-64.30	-7.23

Table S1 Concentrations of chemical ions and values of the δ²H and δ¹⁸O of groundwater (G) and surface water (SW) samples in the Longdong Loess Basin

Table S2 ¹⁴C age of groundwater

Fig. S1 Relationship between the concentration of Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ in groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland


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