Climate and topography regulate the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure in Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s40333-024-0060-9

Journal of Arid Land

2024, Vol. 16

Issue (7): 925-942 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0060-9 CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-024-0060-9

Research article

Climate and topography regulate the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure in Northwest China

DU Lan¹^,²^,³, TIAN Shengchuan¹^,²^,³, ZHAO Nan¹^,²^,³, ZHANG Bin¹^,²^,³, MU Xiaohan¹^,²^,³, TANG Lisong¹^,³, ZHENG Xinjun¹^,³^,^*(

), LI Yan⁴

¹State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, China
⁴State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China

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Abstract

Soil salinization may affect biodiversity and species composition, leading to changes in the plant community structure. However, few studies have explored the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure at the ecosystem scale. Therefore, we conducted a transect sampling of desert shrublands in Northwest China during the growing season (June-September) in 2021. Soil salinization (both the degree and type), shrub community structure (e.g., shrub density and height), and biodiversity parameters (e.g., Simpson diversity, Margalf abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and Pielou evenness indices) were used to assess the effects of soil salinization on shrub community structure. The results showed that the primary degree of soil salinization in the study area was light salinization, with the area proportion of 69.8%. Whereas the main type of soil salinization was characterized as sulfate saline soil, also accounting for 69.8% of the total area. Notably, there was a significant reduction in the degree of soil salinization and a shift in the type of soil salinization from chloride saline soil to sulfate saline soil, with an increase in longitude. Regional mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual evapotranspiration (MAE), elevation, and slope significantly contributed to soil salinization and its geochemical differentiation. As soil salinization intensified, shrub community structure displayed increased diversity and evenness, as indicated by the increases in the Simpson diversity, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and Pielou evenness indices. Moreover, the succulent stems and leaves of Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae exhibited clear advantages under these conditions. Furthermore, regional climate and topography, such as MAP, MAE, and elevation, had greater effects on the distribution of shrub plants than soil salinization. These results provide a reference for the origin and pattern of soil salinization in drylands and their effects on the community structure of halophyte shrub species.

Key words： soil salinization halophytes shrubland climate change biodiversity drylands Northwest China

Received: 31 January 2024 Published: 31 July 2024

Corresponding Authors: * ZHENG Xinjun (E-mail: zhengxj@ms.xjb.ac.cn)

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	DU Lan
	TIAN Shengchuan
	ZHAO Nan
	ZHANG Bin
	MU Xiaohan
	TANG Lisong
	ZHENG Xinjun
	LI Yan

Cite this article:

DU Lan, TIAN Shengchuan, ZHAO Nan, ZHANG Bin, MU Xiaohan, TANG Lisong, ZHENG Xinjun, LI Yan. Climate and topography regulate the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure in Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(7): 925-942.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0060-9 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I7/925

Fig. 1 Geographical overview of the study area and location of the sampling plots. MAP, mean annual precipitation. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (GS(2023)2767) from the Standard Map Service System (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/index.html) marked by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, and the standard map has not been modified.

Plot ID	Latitude	Longitude	Elevation (m)	Dominant species
A	45°21′20′′N	85°00′17′′E	280	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, Anabasis brevifolia, and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
B	45°10′30′′N	84°58′58′′E	290	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
C	45°29′50′′N	85°30′24′′E	260	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
D	45°30′20′′N	85°12′27′′E	280	Anabasis brevifolia, Haloxylon ammodendron^#, and Kalidium foliatum
E	45°07′22′′N	86°01′41′′E	340	Tamarix ramosissima^#, Reaumuria songarica, Nitraria tangutorum, and Haloxylon ammodendron
F	44°09′48′′N	88°42′32′′E	610	Tamarix ramosissima^#, Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Suaeda microphylla, and Kalidium foliatum
G	44°45′42′′N	89°13′05′′E	540	Nitraria tangutorum, Anabasis brevifolia, Ephedra major, Reaumuria songarica, Calligonum mongolicum, and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
H	44°51′08′′N	90°01′06′′E	650	Haloxylon ammodendron^# and Halostachys caspica
I	44°23′45′′N	90°38′47′′	830	Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron^#, and Kalidium foliatum
J	44°04′28′′N	90°26′52′′E	920	Nitraria tangutorum^# and Ceratoides latens
K	44°12′01′′N	90°08′37′′E	760	Haloxylon persicum^#, Atraphaxis bracteata, Anabasis brevifolia, Calligonum mongolicum, Artemisia ordosica, Haloxylon ammodendron, and Ceratoides latens
L	45°17′14′′N	90°09′54′′E	1200	Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
M	46°55′54′′N	88°54′11′′E	830	Anabasis brevifolia and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
N	46°43′28′′N	87°43′32′′E	570	Salsola laricifolia, Tamarix ramosissima, Halimodendron halodendron, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron^#, and Ceratoides latens
O	45°58′52′′N	85°50′28′′E	280	Tamarix ramosissima^#, Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron
P	46°00′43′′N	86°24′44′′E	320	Tamarix ramosissima, Nitraria roborowskii, Nitraria sibirica, Haloxylon ammodendron^#, and Kalidium foliatum
Q	41°49′04′′N	97°02′10′′E	1740	Nitraria tangutorum, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron^#, and Halostachys caspica
R	42°12′21′′N	101°05′60′′E	920	Tamarix ramosissima^#
S	41°52′03′′N	100°32′52′′E	970	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima^#, and Lycium ruthenicum
T	41°48′56′′N	100°28′05′′E	980	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima^#, Reaumuria songarica, and Calligonum mongolicum
U	41°41′49′′N	103°07′57′′E	1010	Reaumuria songarica^#
V	41°17′58′′N	104°08′37′′E	800	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima^#, Haloxylon ammodendron, and Kalidium foliatum
W	40°43′59′′N	104°30′36′′E	1320	Nitraria tangutorum^# and Reaumuria songarica
X	40°51′29′′N	106°44′31′′E	1040	Haloxylon ammodendron^#
Y	40°33′55′′N	106°22′33′′E	1040	Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, and Haloxylon ammodendron^#
Z	40°34′24′′N	106°22′00′′E	1050	Nitraria tangutorum, Sarcozygium xanthoxylum^#, and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus
A1	40°45′41′′N	105°22′37′′E	1180	Nitraria tangutorum, Potaninia mongolica, Reaumuria songarica, and Kalidium foliatum^#
B1	40°39′50′′N	107°33′49′′E	1040	Artemisia ordosica and Salix cheilophila^#
C1	40°25′48′′N	108°39′24′′E	1120	Artemisia ordosica and Salix cheilophila^#
D1	40°21′48′′N	109°25′23′′E	1080	Hedysarum scoparium^#, Caragana sinica, and Artemisia ordosica
E1	40°22′20′′N	109°26′35′′E	1070	Caragana sinica, Artemisia ordosica, and Salix cheilophila^#
F1	40°12′20′′N	110°50′23′′E	1040	Caragana sinica, Artemisia ordosica, and Salix cheilophila^#

Table S1 Summary of the shrub plant communities in the 72 sampling plots in Northwest China

Table 1 Classification of soil salinization

Fig. 2 Variations of soil salinization degree, MAP, and elevation (a) and soil salinization type, mean annual evapotranspiration (MAE), and slope (b) along the longitudinal gradient. Note that soil salinization degree and type are expressed as soil total salt (TS) and Cl^-/SO₄^2-, respectively. Black solid line indicates significant relationship between soil salinization and longitude (P<0.050). Shaded area represents 95% confidence interval. R² and P values represent the linear relationship between soil salinization and longitude.

Fig. 3 Effects of topographical (a, b, c, and d) and climatic (e, f, g, and h) factors on soil salinization degree and type. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the P<0.050 level. Since there were few sampling plots with non-salinized soil (n=2, where n is the total number of sampling plots), they were not plotted in this figure. Black dots indicate the data points of elevation, slope, MAP, and MAE. Box boundaries indicate the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and whiskers below and above the box indicate the 10^th and 90^th percentiles, respectively. The black horizontal line within each box indicates the median of data points.

Fig. 4 TWINSPAN tree classification of the 78 sampling plots. The heat map shows data on the abundance of the dominant species in the corresponding quadrats below the cluster tree. The clustering results of the quadrats (four-layer classification) are at the top of the figure, and the clustering results of shrub species are on the left of the figure. n is the total number of sampling plots. The dominant species and sampling plots in each association are shown in Table S2.

Fig. S1 Geographical distribution of shrub associations along the longitudinal gradient in Northwest China

Fig. S2 Pearson's correlations among longitude, soil salinization, and parameters of shrub community structure. The size of the colored circle indicates the degree of correlation. *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.

Table S2 Dominant species and sampling plots in each association

Fig. 5 Comparison of shrub density (a), shrub height (b), aboveground biomass (c), and shrub canopy (d) among the eight shrub associations. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different associations at the P<0.050 level. Bars mean standard errors.

Fig. 6 Comparison of the Simpson diversity (a), Shannon-Wiener diversity (b), Pielou evenness (c), and Margalf abundance (d) indices among the eight shrub associations. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different associations at the P<0.050 level. Bars mean standard errors.

Fig. 7 Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) of the eight shrub associations (a) and their affecting variables of soil salinization, climate, and topography (b). In the left panel, different colors and areas correspond to the distribution ranges of shrub associations. CCA1 and CCA2 are the first and second axes of CCA, respectively. EBC, exchangeable base cation.


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