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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (2): 191-204    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0094-4     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0094-4
Research article     
Estimation of soil organic matter in the Ogan-Kuqa River Oasis, Northwest China, based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning
ZHOU Qian1,2,3, DING Jianli1,2,3,*(), GE Xiangyu1,2,3, LI Ke1,2,3, ZHANG Zipeng1,2,3, GU Yongsheng1,2,3
1College of Geography and Remote Sensing Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
2Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
3Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Abstract  

Visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy technique allows for fast and efficient determination of soil organic matter (SOM). However, a prior requirement for the vis-NIR spectroscopy technique to predict SOM is the effective removal of redundant information. Therefore, this study aims to select three wavelength selection strategies for obtaining the spectral response characteristics of SOM. The SOM content and spectral information of 110 soil samples from the Ogan-Kuqa River Oasis were measured under laboratory conditions in July 2017. Pearson correlation analysis was introduced to preselect spectral wavelengths from the preprocessed spectra that passed the 0.01 level significance test. The successive projection algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and Boruta algorithm were used to detect the optimal variables from the preselected wavelengths. Finally, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and random forest (RF) models combined with the optimal wavelengths were applied to develop a quantitative estimation model of the SOM content. The results demonstrate that the optimal variables selected were mainly located near the range of spectral absorption features (i.e., 1400.0, 1900.0, and 2200.0 nm), and the CARS and Boruta algorithm also selected a few visible wavelengths located in the range of 480.0-510.0 nm. Both models can achieve a more satisfactory prediction of the SOM content, and the RF model had better accuracy than the PLSR model. The SOM content prediction model established by Boruta algorithm combined with the RF model performed best with 23 variables and the model achieved the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.78 and the residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 2.38. The Boruta algorithm effectively removed redundant information and optimized the optimal wavelengths to improve the prediction accuracy of the estimated SOM content. Therefore, combining vis-NIR spectroscopy with machine learning to estimate SOM content is an important method to improve the accuracy of SOM prediction in arid land.

Key words： soil organic matter content      vis-NIR spectroscopy      random forest      Boruta algorithm      machine learning     
Received: 12 November 2022      Published: 28 February 2023
Corresponding Authors: *DING Jianli (E-mail: watarid@xju.edu.cn)
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ZHOU Qian
DING Jianli
GE Xiangyu
LI Ke
ZHANG Zipeng
GU Yongsheng
Cite this article:

ZHOU Qian, DING Jianli, GE Xiangyu, LI Ke, ZHANG Zipeng, GU Yongsheng. Estimation of soil organic matter in the Ogan-Kuqa River Oasis, Northwest China, based on visible and near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(2): 191-204.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0094-4     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I2/191

Fig. 1 Overview of the Ogan-Kuqa River Oasis and spatial distribution of sampling sites. DEM, Digital Elevation Model.
Fig. 2 Plot of outliers detected through the Monte Carlo outlier detection (MCOD) method
Sample Number of samples Minimum
(g/kg)		 Maximum
(g/kg)		 Mean
(g/kg)		 Standard deviation (g/kg) Coefficient of variation (%)
Full sample set 110 59.86 5.49 29.05 11.34 39.04
Calibration set 74 59.86 5.49 28.59 17.09 39.77
Validation set 36 52.91 9.94 29.99 10.97 36.57
Table 1 Statistical characteristics of the soil organic matter (SOM) content
Fig. 3 Reflectance curves of the original and preprocessed soil spectra. (a), original spectra; (b), spectra processed by Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing and first derivative (FD) processing. Note that the curves with different color represent the reflectance spectra of different soil samples.
Fig. 4 Correlation coefficient curves between the soil organic matter (SOM) content and preprocessed soil spectra
Fig. 5 Process of filtering variables by the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm. (a), changing trend of the number of sampled variables with the increase of sampling runs; (b), changing trend of the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) with the increase of sampling runs; (c), trend regression coefficient paths with the increase of sampling runs. Note that the curves with different color represent the trend of the stability of each variable with the number of sampling runs, and the positions marked by vertical asterisks correspond to the optimal subset of variables that the RMSECV reached its minimum in the whole variable selection process.
Fig. 6 Process of filtering variables by the successive projections algorithm (SPA). (a), variation in the root mean square error (RMSE) with the number of variables included in the model; (b), distribution of the feature variables on the first calibration object.
Fig. 7 Importance score (Z score) of the different wavelengths identified by the Boruta algorithm
Model Selection method Variable number Calibration set (n=74) Validation set (n=36)
R2 RMSE (g/kg) R2 RMSE (g/kg) RPD
PLSR Preselected spectrum 442 0.45 5.23 0.42 5.46 1.24
CARS 31 0.69 4.38 0.67 4.46 2.12
SPA 5 0.62 4.56 0.61 4.34 1.82
Boruta algorithm 23 0.65 4.30 0.63 4.28 2.08
RF Preselected spectrum 442 0.52 4.96 0.54 4.83 1.64
CARS 31 0.73 4.24 0.72 4.26 2.36
SPA 5 0.64 4.37 0.66 4.31 1.86
Boruta algorithm 23 0.76 4.24 0.78 4.19 2.38
Table 2 Comparison of the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) obtained from partial least squares regression (PLSR) and random forest (RF) models based on four wavelength selection methods
Fig. 8 Distribution of feature variables selected by SPA, CARS, and Boruta algorithms. Note that the numbers on the right side of the figure represent the number of optimal variables selected by SPA, CARS, and Boruta algorithms.
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