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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2025, Vol. 17 Issue (10): 1425-1442    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-025-0021-y     CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.0250021y
Research article     
Response of temporal stability of plant community biomass in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China to climate warming and nitrogen deposition
XIANG Xuemei, DE Kejia*(), ZHANG Lin, LIN Weishan, FENG Tingxu, LI Fei, WEI Xijie
College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Abstract  

In recent years, many studies have focused on the effects of global climate warming and increased nitrogen deposition on the structure and function of grassland ecosystem. However, there are still significant uncertainties in the response mechanism of stability of plant community biomass in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China to these two major climate factors. Given this, based on field control experiments, this study systematically evaluated the effects of different levels of climate warming (W0 (no warming), W1 (air temperature increased by 0.47°C or soil temperature increased by 0.61°C), W2 (air temperature increased by 0.92°C or soil temperature increased by 1.09°C), W3 (air temperature increased by 1.44°C or soil temperature increased by 1.95°C)), nitrogen deposition ((N0 (0 kg N/(hm2•a), N16 (16 kg N/(hm2•a), and N32 (32 kg N/(hm2•a)), and their interactions on plant community biomass and its temporal stability, and explored its potential regulatory mechanisms. The results showed that the biomass of total community, Gramineae, and dominant species increased significantly with increasing temperature, but the biomass of common and rare species decreased significantly. Nitrogen deposition also significantly promoted the biomass accumulation of community and gramineous plants. Under the treatment of W3N32, the biomass of plant community, Gramineae, and dominant species reached the highest values, indicating that there was a synergistic effect under this treatment. Structural equation model showed that increasing temperature significantly decreased the stability of plant community biomass by reducing the stability of grass and dominant species biomass and weakening species asynchronism. Interaction of increased nitrogen deposition and temperature increased the biomass fluctuation of grass functional group, thus amplifying its negative influence on community stability. More attention should be paid to the response and regulatory mechanisms of dominant species and functional groups under global climate change. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the stability maintenance mechanism of alpine grassland and also provides scientific support for the development of future grassland ecosystem management and assessment.

Key words： alpine meadows      climate change      plant community biomass      dominant species      species asynchrony     
Received: 21 January 2025      Published: 31 October 2025
Corresponding Authors: *DE Kejia (E-mail: dekejia1002@163.com)
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XIANG Xuemei
DE Kejia
ZHANG Lin
LIN Weishan
FENG Tingxu
LI Fei
WEI Xijie
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XIANG Xuemei, DE Kejia, ZHANG Lin, LIN Weishan, FENG Tingxu, LI Fei, WEI Xijie. Response of temporal stability of plant community biomass in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China to climate warming and nitrogen deposition. Journal of Arid Land, 2025, 17(10): 1425-1442.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-025-0021-y     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2025/V17/I10/1425

Heating
gradient (°C)		 Top diameter (m) Bottom
diameter (m)		 Height
(m)		 Temperature (°C)
Increased air temperature at 10 cm above the ground Increased soil temperature at 5 cm below the ground
W1 1.50 1.95 0.40 0.47 0.61
W2 1.00 1.45 0.40 0.92 1.09
W3 0.50 0.95 0.40 1.44 1.95
Table 1 Specification and performance of the heating device
Fig. 1 Soil (a) and air (b) temperature variations under different warming treatments from 2023 to 2024. W0, no warming; W1, air temperature increased by 0.47°C or soil temperature increased by 0.61°C; W2, air temperature increased by 0.92°C or soil temperature increased by 1.09°C; W3, air temperature increased by 1.44°C or soil temperature increased by 1.95°C. The abbreviations are the same as in the following figures and tables.
Fig. S1 Vegetation coverage (a) and relative biomass (b) of different plant functional groups and categories under different treatments. W0, no warming; W1, air temperature increased by 0.47°C or soil temperature increased by 0.61°C; W2, air temperature increased by 0.92°C or soil temperature increased by 1.09°C; W3, air temperature increased by 1.44°C or soil temperature increased by 1.95°C; N0, 0 kg N/(hm2•a); N16, 16 kg N/(hm2•a); N32, 32 kg N/(hm2•a).
Fig. 2 Effects of warming and nitrogen deposition on plant biomass. (a1-a3), biomass of plant community; (b1-b3), biomass of sedge; (c1-c3), biomass of grass; (d1-d3), biomass of forb; (e1-e3), biomass of dominant species; (f2-f3), biomass of common species; (g1-g3), biomass of rare species. N0, 0 kg N/(hm2•a); N16, 16 kg N/(hm2•a); N32, 32 kg N/(hm2•a). Different uppercase letters within the same nitrogen treatment indicate significant differences among different climate waring treatments at P<0.050 level. Different lowercase letters within the same climate warming treatment indicate significant differences among different nitrogen treatments at P<0.050 level. Bars are standard errors. The abbreviations and the meanings of uppercase and lowercase letters are the same as in the following figure.
Table S1 Results of linear mixed-effects model assessing the independent and interactive effects of climate warming (W), nitrogen deposition (N), and year (Y) on plant biomass
Fig. 3 Effects of climate warming and nitrogen deposition on temporal biomass stability. (a), stability of plant community biomass; (b), stability of sedge biomass; (c), stability of grass biomass; (d), stability of forb biomass; (e), stability of dominant species biomass; (f), stability of common species biomass; (g), stability of rare species biomass; (h), species asynchrony; (i), degree of species dominance.
Variable F or P value W N W×N
Stability of plant community biomass F 10.53 0.25 0.09
P 0.000 0.770 0.990
Stability of sedge biomass F 0.05 0.00 0.03
P 0.650 0.990 0.840
Stability of grass biomass F 17.54 6.03 2.10
P 0.000 0.010 0.020
Stability of forb biomass F 0.94 0.04 0.05
P 0.430 0.960 0.790
Stability of dominant species biomass F 29.44 0.49 4.01
P 0.000 0.610 0.010
Stability of common species biomass F 4.34 0.22 0.23
P 0.010 0.810 0.630
Stability of rare species biomass F 0.35 0.01 0.08
P 0.790 0.990 0.990
Species asynchrony F 16.01 0.27 5.19
P 0.000 0.760 0.010
Degree of species dominance F 1.97 1.30 0.54
P 0.140 0.290 0.780
Table S2 Results of linear mixed model assessing individual or interactive effects of climate warming (W) and nitrogen deposition (N) on the temporal stability of the biomass of plant community and different functional groups, as well as on the species asynchrony and degree of species dominance
Fig. 4 Relationships between stability of plant community biomass and various predictive factors. (a), stability of sedge biomass; (b), stability of grass biomass; (c), stability of forb biomass; (d), stability of dominant species biomass; (e), stability of common species biomass; (f), stability of rare species biomass; (g), species asynchrony; (h), degree of species dominance. The shaded area denotes the 95.00% confidence interval.
Fig. 5 Structural equation model (SEM) illustrating the effects of climate warming and nitrogen deposition on the stability of plant community biomass (a) and standardized total, direct, and indirect effects of climate warming and nitrogen deposition on the stability of plant community biomass (b). *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level. CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; AIC, Akaike information criterion.
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