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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (2): 164-179    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0080-2
Research article     
Spatial changes and driving factors of lake water quality in Inner Mongolia, China
REN Xiaohui1, YU Ruihong1,2,*(), LIU Xinyu1, SUN Heyang1, GENG Yue1, QI Zhen1, ZHANG Zhuangzhuang1, LI Xiangwei1, WANG Jun1, ZHU Penghang1, GUO Zhiwei1, WANG Lixin1,2, XU Jifei1
1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
2Key Laboratory of Mongolian Plateau Ecology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Hohhot 010021, China
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Abstract  

Lakes play important roles in sustaining the ecosystem and economic development in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, but the spatial patterns and driving mechanisms of water quality in lakes so far remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the spatial changes in water quality and the driving factors of seven lakes (Juyanhai Lake, Ulansuhai Lake, Hongjiannao Lake, Daihai Lake, Chagannaoer Lake, Hulun Lake, and Wulannuoer Lake) across the longitudinal axis (from the west to the east) of Inner Mongolia. Large-scale research was conducted using the comprehensive trophic level index (TLI (Σ)), multivariate statistics, and spatial analysis methods. The results showed that most lakes in Inner Mongolia were weakly alkaline. Total dissolved solids and salinity of lake water showed obvious zonation characteristics. Nitrogen and phosphorus were identified as the main pollutants in lakes, with high average concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus being of 4.05 and 0.21 mg/L, respectively. The values of TLI (Σ) ranged from 49.14 to 71.77, indicating varying degrees of lake eutrophication, and phosphorus was the main driver of lake eutrophication. The lakes of Inner Mongolia could be categorized into lakes to the west of Daihai Lake and lakes to the east of Daihai Lake in terms of salinity and TLI (Σ). The salinity levels of lakes to the west of Daihai Lake exceeded those of lakes to the east of Daihai Lake, whereas the opposite trend was observed for lake trophic level. The intensity and mode of anthropogenic activities were the driving factors of the spatial patterns of lake water quality. It is recommended to control the impact of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of lakes in Inner Mongolia to improve lake ecological environment. These findings provide a more thorough understanding of the driving mechanism of the spatial patterns of water quality in lakes of Inner Mongolia, which can be used to develop strategies for lake ecosystem protection and water resources management in this region.

Key words： salinity      lake eutrophication      lake water quality      comprehensive trophic level index      anthropogenic activities      Daihai Lake      Inner Mongolia     
Received: 24 June 2022      Published: 28 February 2023
Corresponding Authors: *YU Ruihong (E-mail: rhyu@imu.edu.cn)
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REN Xiaohui
YU Ruihong
LIU Xinyu
SUN Heyang
GENG Yue
QI Zhen
ZHANG Zhuangzhuang
LI Xiangwei
WANG Jun
ZHU Penghang
GUO Zhiwei
WANG Lixin
XU Jifei
Cite this article:

REN Xiaohui, YU Ruihong, LIU Xinyu, SUN Heyang, GENG Yue, QI Zhen, ZHANG Zhuangzhuang, LI Xiangwei, WANG Jun, ZHU Penghang, GUO Zhiwei, WANG Lixin, XU Jifei. Spatial changes and driving factors of lake water quality in Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(2): 164-179.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0080-2     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I2/164

Fig. 1 Geographical locations of the selected seven lakes and the sampling points in Inner Mongolia in the present study. JYHL, Juyanhai Lake; ULSHL, Ulansuhai Lake; HJNL, Hongjiannao Lake; DHL, Daihai Lake; CGNEL, Chagannaoer Lake; HLL, Hulun Lake; WLNEL, Wulannuoer Lake. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (GS(2019)3333) of the Map Service System (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/), and the standard map had not been modified.
Lake Abbreviation Longitude Latitude Area (km2) Recharge river
Juyanhai Lake JYHL 101°12°-101°20°E 42°15°-42°20°N 42.40 Heihe River
Ulansuhai Lake ULSHL 108°43°-108°57°E 40°47°-41°03°N 293.00 Yellow River
Hongjiannao Lake HJNL 109°50°-109°56°E 39°04°-39°08°N 36.06 Donghulusu River and Zhasake River
Daihai Lake DHL 112°37°-112°45°E 40°33-40°37°N 55.00 Gongba River and Tiancheng River
Chagannaoer Lake CGNEL 114°58°-115°03°E 43°25°-43°29°N 31.52 Gaogusitai River and Engeer River
Hulun Lake HLL 116°58°-117°48°E 48°33°-49°20°N 2339.00 Kelulun River and Wuerxun River
Wulannuoer Lake WLNEL 117°22°-117°32°E 48°16°-48°22°N 29.43 Wuerxun River
Table 1 Description of the selected lakes in Inner Mongolia
Fig. 2 Various in water quality parameters of the selected seven lakes in Inner Mongolia. (a), pH; (b), total dissolved solids (TDS); (c), salinity; (d), transparency (SD); (e), dissolved oxygen (DO); (f), total nitrogen (TN); (g), total phosphorus (TP); (h), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N); (i), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a); (j), permanganate index (CODMn). JYHL, Juyanhai Lake; ULSHL, Ulansuhai Lake; HJNL, Hongjiannao Lake; DHL, Daihai Lake; CGNEL, Chagannaoer Lake; HLL, Hulun Lake; WLNEL, Wulannuoer Lake. The lakes are shown on the x-axis from the left to the right in order of their geographical locations from the west to the east. Bars mean standard deviations.
Fig. 3 Comprehensive trophic level index (TLI (Σ)) of lakes in Inner Mongolia. (a), spatial distribution of TLI (Σ) values of the seven selected lakes; (b), a histogram of the TLI (Σ) values of the seven selected lakes. JYHL, Juyanhai Lake; ULSHL, Ulansuhai Lake; HJNL, Hongjiannao Lake; DHL, Daihai Lake; CGNEL, Chagannaoer Lake; HLL, Hulun Lake; WLNEL, Wulannuoer Lake. Bars mean standard deviations. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (GS(2019)3333) of the Map Service System (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/), and the standard map had not been modified.
Fig. 4 Spatial trends in salinity (a) and comprehensive trophic level index (TLI (Σ)) (b) of lakes in Inner Mongolia
Fig. 5 Dendrogram showing the results of spatial cluster analysis based on salinity and comprehensive trophic level index (TLI (Σ)) of lakes in Inner Mongolia. JYHL, Juyanhai Lake; ULSHL, Ulansuhai Lake; HJNL, Hongjiannao Lake; DHL, Daihai Lake; CGNEL, Chagannaoer Lake; HLL, Hulun Lake; WLNEL, Wulannuoer Lake.
Temperature Precipitation Sunshine hours Evaporation Grassland Construction land Arable land
Salinity −0.056 0.512** −0.650** −0.326** −0.398** 0.211 0.148
TLI (Σ) −0.609** 0.022 −0.376** −0.369** 0.563** −0.534** −0.383**
Table 2 Correlations of salinity with climate and anthropogenic activities as well as correlations of TLI (Σ) with climate and anthropogenic activities in lakes in Inner Mongolia
pH TDS Salinity DO SD TP TN NH4+-N Chl-a CODMn TLI (Σ)
pH 1.000
TDS 0.242 1.000
Salinity 0.233 1.000** 1.000
DO 0.419** −0.197 −0.195 1.000
SD 0.495** 0.251* 0.234 −0.130 1.000
TP 0.011 0.084 0.092 −0.030 −0.187 1.000
TN 0.201 0.896** 0.903** −0.129 0.001 0.210 1.000
NH4+-N −0.038 0.454** 0.460** −0.088 0.037 −0.144 0.491** 1.000
Chl-a −0.068 −0.324** −0.326** 0.001 −0.126 0.123 −0.324** −0.422** 1.000
CODMn 0.391** 0.690** 0.693** 0.016 0.213 0.327** 0.706** 0.167 −0.095 1.000
TLI (Σ) −0.064 0.095 0.106 −0.023 −0.521** 0.636** 0.312* −0.208 0.409** 0.408** 1.000
Table 3 Pearson correlation matrix of water quality parameters and TLI (Σ) in lakes in Inner Mongolia
Fig. 6 Ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus (TN/TP) in lakes in Inner Mongolia. JYHL, Juyanhai Lake; ULSHL, Ulansuhai Lake; HJNL, Hongjiannao Lake; DHL, Daihai Lake; CGNEL, Chagannaoer Lake; HLL, Hulun Lake; WLNEL, Wulannuoer Lake. The lakes are shown on the x-axis from the left to the right in order of their geographical locations from the west to the east. Bars mean standard deviations.
Fig. 7 Comparisons of nutrient concentrations in lakes in Inner Mongolia and in other parts of China. (a), total nitrogen (TN); (b), total phosphorus (TP). JYHL, Juyanhai Lake; ULSHL, Ulansuhai Lake; HJNL, Hongjiannao Lake; DHL, Daihai Lake; CGNEL, Chagannaoer Lake; HLL, Hulun Lake; WLNEL, Wulannuoer Lake.
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