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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (9): 1052-1066    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0106-4     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0106-4
Research article     
Environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of rivers in the western region of the Altay Mountains, China
LIU Shuangshuang1,2, WANG Feiteng1,*(), XU Chunhai1, WANG Lin1, LI Huilin1
1State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract  

Analysis of environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of river water in mountainous regions is vital for ensuring water security. In this study, we collected a total of 164 water samples in the western region of the Altay Mountains, China, in 2021. We used principal component analysis and enrichment factor analysis to examine the chemical properties and spatiotemporal variations of major ions (including F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) present in river water, as well as to identify the factors influencing these variations. Additionally, we assessed the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation purposes based on the total dissolved solids, soluble sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, and total hardness. Results revealed that river water had an alkaline aquatic environment with a mean pH value of 8.00. The mean ion concentration was ranked as follows: Ca2+>SO42->Na+>NO3->Mg2+>K+>Cl->F->NH4+>Li+. Ca2+, SO42-, Na+, and NO3- occupied 83% of the total ion concentration. In addition, compared with other seasons, the spatial variation of the ion concentration in spring was obvious. An analysis of the sources of major ions revealed that these ions originated mainly from carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering. The recharge impact of precipitation and snowmelt merely influenced the concentration of Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Ca2+, and Na+. Overall, river water was in pristine condition in terms of quality and was suitable for both irrigation and drinking. This study provides a scientific basis for sustainable management of water quality in rivers of the Altay Mountains.

Key words： environmental significance      hydrochemical characteristics      water quality      soluble sodium percentage (SSP)      ion concentration      Altay Mountains     
Received: 21 February 2023      Published: 30 September 2023
Corresponding Authors: * WANG Feiteng (E-mail: wangfeiteng@lzb.ac.cn)
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LIU Shuangshuang
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LIU Shuangshuang, WANG Feiteng, XU Chunhai, WANG Lin, LI Huilin. Environmental significance and hydrochemical characteristics of rivers in the western region of the Altay Mountains, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(9): 1052-1066.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0106-4     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I9/1052

Fig. 1 Overview of the study area and distribution of the sampling sites. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is derived from www.earthdata.nasa.gov.
Season Item pH TDS
(mg/L)		 F-
(mg/L)		 Cl-
(mg/L)		 NO3-
(mg/L)		 SO42-
(mg/L)		 Li+
(mg/L)		 Na+
(mg/L)		 NH4+
(mg/L)		 K+
(mg/L)		 Mg2+
(mg/L)		 Ca2+
(mg/L)
Spring Mean 8.08 40.20 0.06 1.80 2.19 5.32 0.00 3.23 0.08 1.28 1.86 10.48
SD 0.13 6.95 0.01 0.42 0.39 1.40 0.00 0.84 0.04 0.09 0.30 1.74
Max 8.31 52.03 0.08 2.53 2.93 7.22 0.00 4.57 0.12 1.43 2.26 13.53
Min 7.94 30.51 0.04 1.26 1.77 2.91 0.00 1.92 0.02 1.15 1.37 8.18
Summer Mean 7.74 28.26 0.05 0.43 1.17 2.83 0.00 2.21 0.05 0.88 1.18 7.41
SD 0.29 10.45 0.01 0.27 0.58 1.35 0.00 1.33 0.04 0.22 0.42 2.80
Max 8.18 49.03 0.07 0.83 2.29 5.45 0.00 4.82 0.13 1.31 2.02 12.99
Min 7.42 21.07 0.05 0.18 0.60 1.61 0.00 1.22 0.02 0.73 0.89 5.66
Autumn Mean 7.94 34.99 0.81 0.48 1.32 4.30 0.00 2.69 0.04 1.05 1.49 9.36
SD 0.14 5.82 0.83 0.13 0.28 0.75 0.00 0.75 0.02 0.12 0.13 1.59
Max 8.10 46.35 1.84 0.72 1.81 5.36 0.01 4.16 0.06 1.27 1.72 12.50
Min 7.71 30.37 0.06 0.33 0.99 3.09 0.00 2.01 0.01 0.94 1.35 8.24
Winter Mean 8.22 41.50 0.09 0.95 1.71 6.19 0.00 3.63 0.16 1.09 1.73 11.06
SD 0.19 5.51 0.02 0.63 0.05 2.72 0.00 1.48 0.06 0.17 0.10 1.18
Max 8.48 51.88 0.13 2.17 1.80 11.55 0.00 6.54 0.24 1.41 1.83 13.29
Min 8.00 35.63 0.07 0.40 1.64 3.94 0.00 2.42 0.09 0.93 1.54 9.88
Whole year Mean 8.00 36.23 0.25 0.91 1.60 4.66 0.00 2.94 0.09 1.08 1.57 9.58
SD 0.14 7.03 0.21 0.35 0.30 1.48 0.00 1.08 0.03 0.14 0.22 1.78
Max 8.48 52.03 1.84 2.53 2.93 11.55 0.01 6.54 0.24 1.43 2.26 13.53
Min 7.42 21.07 0.04 0.18 0.60 1.61 0.00 1.22 0.01 0.73 0.89 5.66
Table 1 Hydrochemical characteristic and ion concentration of river water
Fig. 2 Composition of cations (a) and anions (b) of river water
Fig. 3 Spatial variations of the concentration of anions (a-d) and cations (e-h) of river water in different seasons
Fig. 4 Monthly variations of the concentration of anions (a) and cations (b) of river water
pH EC F- Cl- NO3- SO42- Li+ Na+ NH4+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+
pH 1.000
EC 0.070 1.000
F- 0.059 0.042 1.000
Cl- 0.115 0.637** -0.052 1.000
NO3- 0.056 0.792** -0.049 0.590** 1.000
SO42- 0.203** 0.831** 0.104 0.711** 0.543** 1.000
Li+ -0.017 0.005 -0.020 -0.048 -0.051 0.013 1.000
Na+ 0.145 0.883** 0.041 0.696** 0.593** 0.941** -0.011 1.000
NH4+ 0.055 0.233** -0.031 0.340** 0.013 0.398** -0.061 0.388** 1.000
K+ -0.059 0.761** 0.013 0.657** 0.716** 0.604** -0.016 0.630** 0.063 1.000
Mg2+ 0.093 0.934** 0.061 0.611** 0.866** 0.742** -0.016 0.755** 0.112 0.800** 1.000
Ca2+ 0.199* 0.947** 0.046 0.536** 0.754** 0.742** -0.007 0.782** 0.142 0.654** 0.892** 1.000
Table 2 Correlation coefficients of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and the concentration of anions and cations of river water
Variable PC1 PC2 PC3
F- ‒0.077 0.543 0.832
Cl- 0.929 0.104 ‒0.346
NO3- 0.902 ‒0.413 ‒0.018
SO42- 0.968 0.229 ‒0.081
Li+ 0.799 0.023 0.484
Na+ 0.977 0.067 ‒0.195
NH4+ ‒0.220 0.771 ‒0.568
K+ 0.979 0.151 0.002
Mg2+ 0.853 0.482 0.191
Ca2+ 0.993 0.072 ‒0.081
Explained variance (%) 68.958 15.427 13.334
Cumulative variance (%) 68.958 84.386 97.719
Table 3 Principal component analysis of major ions of river water
Season EFsoil EFsea
Na+ K+ Mg2+ Cl- NO3- SO42- K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ F- Cl- NO3- SO42-
Spring 0.54 0.24 0.32 55.25 99.15 26.97 18.21 2.55 74.04 28.34 0.48 456.94 13.62
Summer 0.52 0.24 0.28 18.56 74.78 20.29 18.23 2.35 76.33 34.77 0.17 355.33 10.56
Autumn 0.50 0.22 0.28 16.67 67.21 24.46 17.94 2.44 79.31 435.29 0.16 331.84 13.23
Winter 0.58 0.20 0.28 27.72 29.77 29.77 13.80 2.09 69.36 34.55 0.23 317.15 14.08
Whole year 0.54 0.22 0.29 30.78 79.22 25.88 16.79 2.34 74.23 124.49 0.27 366.04 13.10
Table 4 Enrichment factor (EF) values of major ions of river water
Fig. 5 (a), relationship between the ratio of NO3- to Na+ (NO3-/Na+) and the ratio of SO42- to Na+ (SO42-/Na+); (b), relationship between the ratio of Cl- to Na+ (Cl-/Na+) and NO3-/Na+
Fig. 6 Influencing factors for hydrochemical characteristics showed by Gibbs diagram. (a), Gibbs diagram of the ratio of Na+ to Na+ and Ca2+ (Na+/(Na++Ca+)) to total dissolved solids (TDS); (b), relationship between the ratio of Ca2+ to Na+ (Ca2+/Na+) and the ratio of Mg2+ to Na+ (Mg2+/Na+).
Region River pH TDS
(mg/L)		 Cl-
(mg/L)		 NO3-
(mg/L)		 SO42-
(mg/L)		 HCO3-
(mg/L)		 Na+
(mg/L)		 K+
(mg/L)		 Mg2+
(mg/L)		 Ca2+
(mg/L)		 Reference
Altay Mountains Burqin River and Haba River 8.00 36.20 0.91 1.60 4.66 - 2.94 1.08 1.57 9.58 This study
Ertix River and Ulungur River 7.80 126.00 7.06 - 35.00 65.70 12.60 1.50 4.26 32.40 Liu et al. (2021)
Tianshan Mountains Source region of Syr Darya River 8.20 291.40 3.00 3.50 45.00 200.00 5.00 1.44 11.00 35.00 Ma et al. (2019)
Kax River 8.00 239.20 1.70 - 22.55 120.80 4.10 1.67 5.83 39.38 Feng et al. (2022)
Bortala River 8.50 246.00 14.30 - 67.50 157.00 21.40 2.32 7.83 52.80 Liu et al. (2021)
Qilian Mountains Hulugou River - - 16.60 2.67 360.05 - 82.67 2.29 33.70 88.21 Li et al. (2014)
Shule River 8.50 160.10 8.20 - 23.70 88.70 12.60 0.90 10.40 14.80 Qu et al. (2019)
Central Tibetan Plateau Source region of Yangtze River 7.60 778.00 233.70 1.30 114.90 188.50 157.70 5.50 22.90 53.40 Jiang et al. (2015)
Zhajia Tsangpo River 9.10 947.00 394.81 2.62 164.11 55.20 245.00 12.20 27.30 45.50 Qu et al. (2019)
Southern and northern parts of the Tibetan Plateau Yellow River 8.40 609.50 22.90 - 49.40 389.50 33.30 2.10 33.70 75.80 Qu et al. (2019)
Heihe River 8.70 462.00 8.20 2.20 80.40 263.30 15.70 1.70 30.40 60.00 Qu et al. (2019)
Nujiang River 8.40 141.00 5.00 0.00 31.00 66.00 3.00 1.00 7.00 24.00 Huang et al. (2009)
Yarlung Zangbo River 8.80 117.30 2.40 1.00 37.40 74.10 5.70 1.00 5.10 27.90 Qu et al. (2017)
Table 5 Comparison of hydrochemical characteristics between the western region of the Altay Mountains and other mountains
Fig. 7 River water quality at different sampling sites in the western region of the Altay Mountains. TH represent the total hardness. S1 to S12 represent 12 sampling sites, and the locations of these sites are depicted in Figure 1.
Sampling site SSP (%) SAR Sampling site SSP (%) SAR
S1 21±5 1.7 S7 18±6 1.1
S2 18±2 1.1 S8 17±3 1.0
S3 17±2 1.1 S9 20±3 1.3
S4 19±3 1.2 S10 16±3 0.9
S5 16±4 0.9 S11 18±6 1.0
S6 22±2 1.7 S12 18±3 1.2
Table 6 Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of river water in the western region of the Altay Mountains
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