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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2021, Vol. 13 Issue (7): 699-716    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0012-6
Research article     
Promoting the production of salinized cotton field by optimizing water and nitrogen use efficiency under drip irrigation
LIN En1,2, LIU Hongguang1,2,*(), LI Xinxin1,2, LI Ling1,2, Sumera ANWAR3
1College of Water Conservancy & Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
2Xinjiang Production & Construction Group Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation, Shihezi 832000, China
3Institute of Molecular Biologyand Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54660, Pakistan
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Abstract  

Cotton is the main economically important crop in Xinjiang, China, but soil salinization and shortage of water and nutrients have restricted its production. A field experiment was carried out in the salinity-affected arid area of Northwest China from 2018 to 2019 to explore the effects of nitrogen and water regulation on physiological growth, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies, and economic benefit of cotton. The salinity levels were 7.7 (SL) and 12.5 dS/m (SM). Drip irrigation was used with low, medium and adequate irrigation levels representing 60%, 80% and 100% of cotton crop water demand, respectively, and three nitrogen applications, i.e., 206, 275 and 343 kg/hm2, accounting for 75%, 100% and 125% of local N application, respectively were used. The multi-objective optimization based on spatial analysis showed that, at SL salinity, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), economic benefit and yield simultaneously reached more than 85% of their maxima at 379.18-398.32 mm irrigation and 256.69-308.87 kg/hm2. At SM salinity, WUE, yield and economic benefit simultaneously reached more than 85% of their maxima when irrigation was 351.24-376.30 mm and nitrogen application was 230.18-289.89 kg/hm2. NUE, yield and economic benefit simultaneously reached their maxima at 428.01-337.72 mm irrigation, and nitrogen application range was 222.14-293.93 kg/hm2. The plants at SL salinity had 21.58%-46.59% higher WUE rates, 14.91%-34.35% higher NUE rates and 20.71%-35.34% higher yields than those at SM salinity. The results are of great importance for the nutrient and water management in cotton field in the arid saline area.

Key words： cotton growth      multi-objective optimization      soil salinization      water and nitrogen regulation      spatial analysis     
Received: 11 November 2020      Published: 10 July 2021
Corresponding Authors:
About author: *LIU Hongguang (E-mail: liuhongguang-521@163.com)
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Cite this article:

LIN En, LIU Hongguang, LI Xinxin, LI Ling, Sumera ANWAR. Promoting the production of salinized cotton field by optimizing water and nitrogen use efficiency under drip irrigation. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(7): 699-716.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0012-6     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I7/699

Soil depth (cm) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Bulk density (g/cm3)
0-20 62.65 32.70 4.59 1.46
20-40 63.29 33.92 3.86 1.48
40-60 71.93 21.86 5.60 1.51
60-80 68.92 26.87 4.31 1.49
80-100 73.08 23.68 3.42 1.52
Table 1 Soil physical property in the experimental area
Fig. 1 Location of the study area (a) and experimental design (b) in the field. N1, N2 and N3 represent nitrogen application levels. I1, I2 and I3 represent irrigation levels. The detailed treatments of nitrogen and irrigation are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 2 Cotton planting pattern and schematic diagram of drip irrigation
Irrigation
time		 Irrigation
date		 Growth stage ET0 (mm) Kc Irrigation amount (mm) Nitrogen application level (kg/hm2)
I1 I2 I3 N1 N2 N3
2018
1 15 Apr Sowing seeds 40.00 55.00 65.00 61.80 83.00 102.90
2 1 May Seedling stage 93 0.35 19.53 26.04 32.55 6.18 8.30 10.29
3 1 June Seedling stage 85 0.35 17.85 23.80 29.75 6.18 8.30 10.29
4 11 Jun Seedling stage 110 0.35 23.10 30.80 38.50 6.18 8.30 10.29
5 17 Jun Flower bud stage 72 0.76 32.83 43.78 54.72 14.42 19.30 24.01
6 1 Jul Flower bud stage 73 0.76 33.29 44.38 55.48 14.42 19.30 24.01
7 14 Jul Flower and boll stage 50 1.18 35.40 47.20 59.00 30.90 41.30 51.45
8 31 Jul Flower and boll stage 52 1.18 36.82 49.09 61.36 30.90 41.30 51.45
9 9 Aug Flower and boll stage 43 1.18 30.44 40.59 50.74 30.90 41.30 51.45
10 3 Sep Boll opening period 56 0.60 20.16 26.88 33.60 4.12 5.50 6.86
Total 289.42 387.56 480.70 206.00 275.00 343.00
2019
1 1 May Sowing seeds 40.00 55.00
55.00		 65.00 61.80 83.00 102.90
2 20 May Seedling stage 87 0.35 18.27 24.36 30.45 6.18 8.30 10.29
3 15 Jun Seedling stage 90 0.35 18.90 25.20 31.50 6.18 8.30 10.29
4 20 Jun Seedling stage 115 0.35 24.15 32.20 40.25 6.18 8.30 10.29
5 24 Jun Flower bud stage 80 0.76 36.48 48.64 60.80 14.42 19.30 24.01
6 10 Jul Flower bud stage 74 0.76 33.74 44.99 56.24 14.42 19.30 24.01
7 14 Jul Flower and boll stage 56 1.18 39.65 52.86 66.08 30.90 41.30 51.45
8 31 Jul Flower and boll stage 50 1.18 35.40 47.20 59.00 30.90 41.30 51.45
9 9 Aug Flower and boll stage 40 1.18 28.32 37.76 47.20 30.90 41.30 51.45
10 3 Sep Boll opening period 50 0.60 18.00 24.00 30.00 4.12 5.50 6.86
Total 292.92 392.22 486.52 206.00 275.00 343.00
Table 2 Irrigation and nitrogen application in the study
Treatment Boll weight Dry matter Yield HI
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
I×S ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
N×S ns ns * * * * ns ns
I×N * * ** ** ** ** * *
I×N×S ns ns * * ns ns ns ns
Table 3 ANOVA results for boll weight, dry matter, yield and harvest index (HI)
Fig. 3 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on boll weight (a and b), dry matter (c and d), yield (e and f), and harvest index (g and h) of cotton under salt stress. Bars indicate standard errors. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among different treatments at P<0.05 level according to Duncan's test. N1, N2 and N3 represent nitrogen application levels. I1, I2 and I3 represent irrigation levels. The detailed treatments of nitrogen and irrigation are shown in Table 2. SL and SM represent 7.7 and 12.5 dS/m salinity levels, respectively.
Treatment Micronaire value Fiber length
2018 2019 2018 2019
I×S ** ** * *
N×S ** ** ns ns
I×N ** ** * *
I×N×S * * * *
Table 4 ANOVA results for micronaire value and fiber length
Fig. 4 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on micronaire value (a, b) and fiber length (c, d) of cotton under salt stress. Bars indicate standard errors. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant difference among different treatments at P<0.05 level according to Duncan's test. N1, N2 and N3 represent nitrogen application levels. I1, I2 and I3 represent irrigation levels. The detailed treatments of nitrogen and irrigation are shown in Table 2. SL and SM represent 7.7 and 12.5 dS/ m salinity levels, respectively.
Treatment WUE PFP NUE
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
I×S ** ** * * * *
N×S ** ** ns ns ** **
I×N ** ** * * * *
I×N×S * * * * * *
Table 5 ANOVA results for water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)
Fig. 5 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on water use efficiency (WUE; a and b), nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP; c and d) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; e and f) of cotton under salt stress. Bars indicate standard errors. Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences among different treatments at P<0.05 level according to Duncan's test. N1, N2 and N3 represent nitrogen application levels. I1, I2 and I3 represent irrigation levels. The detailed treatments of nitrogen and irrigation are shown in Table 2. SL and SM represent 7.7 and 12.5 dS/m salinity levels, respectively.
Treatment 2018 2019
Irrigation
cost		 Fertilizer cost Land leasing Gross profit Economic benefit Irrigation
cost		 Fertilizer cost Land leasing Gross profit Economic benefit
(USD/hm2) (USD/hm2)
SLI1N1 156.64 445.06 1388.89 5591.67 862.91 158.26 445.06 1388.89 5292.26 816.71
SLI1N2 156.64 594.14 1388.89 5970.07 921.31 158.26 594.14 1388.89 5665.44 874.30
SLI1N3 156.64 741.05 1388.89 5449.00 840.89 158.26 741.05 1388.89 5373.79 829.29
SLI2N1 209.57 445.06 1388.89 6589.09 1016.83 211.73 445.06 1388.89 6720.38 1037.10
SLI2N2 209.57 594.14 1388.89 7399.36 1141.88 211.73 594.14 1388.89 7519.47 1160.41
SLI2N3 209.57 741.05 1388.89 6772.04 1045.07 211.73 741.05 1388.89 7456.38 1150.68
SLI3N1 259.80 445.06 1388.89 6281.01 969.29 263.04 445.06 1388.89 6416.55 990.21
SLI3N2 259.80 594.14 1388.89 6576.60 1014.91 263.04 594.14 1388.89 6708.06 1035.19
SLI3N3 259.80 741.05 1388.89 6569.90 1013.87 263.04 741.05 1388.89 6701.46 1034.18
SMI1N1 156.64 445.06 925.93 4178.03 644.76 158.26 445.06 925.93 4400.26 679.05
SMI1N2 156.64 594.14 925.93 4433.04 684.11 158.26 594.14 925.93 4655.27 718.41
SMI1N3 156.64 741.05 925.93 4162.90 642.42 158.26 741.05 925.93 4261.68 657.67
SMI2N1 209.57 445.06 925.93 5052.26 779.67 211.73 445.06 925.93 5163.38 796.82
SMI2N2 209.57 594.14 925.93 5555.81 857.38 211.73 594.14 925.93 5555.81 857.38
SMI2N3 209.57 741.05 925.93 4925.12 760.05 211.73 741.05 925.93 4702.89 725.75
SMI3N1 259.80 445.06 925.93 4492.57 693.30 263.04 445.06 925.93 4492.57 693.30
SMI3N2 259.80 594.14 925.93 4808.26 742.02 263.04 594.14 925.93 4808.26 742.02
SMI3N3 259.80 741.05 925.93 4483.72 691.93 263.04 741.05 925.93 4594.84 709.08
Table 6 Effect of water-nitrogen coupling on economic benefit of cotton under salt stress
Variable Equation R2 P
SL yield /Y1 Y1= -18307+91.06W+40.17N-0.111W2-0.068N2-0.00047WN 0.87 <0.01
SM yield /Y2 Y2= -10884+56.84W+32.41N-0.067W2-0.056N2-0.0096WN 0.86 <0.01
SL economic benefit/Y3 Y3= -96440+411.99W+187.72N-0.52W2-0.39N2+0.067WN 0.95 <0.01
SM economic benefit/Y4 Y4= -72680+273.16W+203.43N-0.35W2-0.41N2+0.018WN 0.93 <0.01
SL WUE/Y5 Y5= -1.298+0.0103W+0.11N-1.73×10-5 W2-1.3×10-5 N2+2.37×10-6 WN 0.95 <0.01
SM WUE/Y6 Y6= -0.81+0.006W+0.10N-1.31×10-5 W2-2.59×10-5 N2+8.28×10-6 WN 0.93 <0.01
SL NUE/Y7 Y7= -165.03+0.66W+0.052N-8.41×10-4 W2-7.86×10-4 N2-9.51×10-5 WN 0.90 <0.01
SM NUE/Y8 Y8= -75.78+0.372W+0.275N-5.25×10-4 W2+5.89×10-4 N2+6.51×10-5 WN 0.93 <0.01
SL PFP /Y9 Y9= -17.08+0.286W-0.065N-3.39×10-4 W2+8.84×10-6 N2-2.67×10-5 WN 0.97 <0.01
SM PFP/Y10 Y10= -11.15+0.202W-0.0258N-2.71×10-4 W2-1.06×10-5 N2+5.61 ×10-5 WN 0.98 <0.01
Table 7 Effect of water-nitrogen coupling on cotton yield, economic benefit, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFP) under salt stress
Dependent variable Maximum dependent variable Irrigation Nitrogen application
SL SM SL SM SL SM
Yield (kg/hm2) 6218.12 4705.62 410.17 402.63 295.47 264.71
Economic benefit (USD/hm2) 2149.29 1166.54 410.22 394.06 275.88 256.33
WUE (kg/m3) 1.73 1.33 317.29 301.12 276.69 247.93
NUE (%) 36.20 28.10 379.12 371.28 289.28 255.53
PFP (kg/kg) 28.04 20.92 414.26 394.06 206.00 200.80
Table 8 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on the cotton yield, economic benefit, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen partial factor production (PFP) under salt stress
Fig. 6 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on relationships of cotton yield (a and b), economic benefit (c and d), water use efficiency (WUE; e and f), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; g and h) and nitrogen partial factor production (PFP; i and j) under salt stress. SL and SM represent 7.7 and 12.5 dS/ m salinity levels, respectively. The red dots in the figure represent the measured values in 2018 and 2019.
Fig. 7 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on cotton yield (a and b), economic benefit (c and d), water use efficiency (WUE; e and f), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; g and h) and nitrogen partial factor production (PFP; i and j) under salt stress. SL and SM represent 7.7 and 12.5 dS/ m salinity levels, respectively.
Fig. 8 Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on comprehensive evaluation of different indices under salt stress. WUE, water use efficiency; NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; PFP, nitrogen partial factor production. SL and SM represent 7.7 and 12.5 dS/ m salinity levels, respectively.
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