Please wait a minute...
Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (9): 1055-1068    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0102-0
Research article     
Carbon inputs regulate the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in temperate forests
LIU Yulin1,2, LI Jiwei1,2, HAI Xuying3, WU Jianzhao3, DONG Lingbo3, PAN Yingjie1,2, SHANGGUAN Zhouping1,2,3, WANG Kaibo4,*(), DENG Lei1,2,3,*()
1State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
4State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
Download: HTML     PDF(2858KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

Litter and root activities may alter the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration. However, existing studies have not provided a comprehensive understanding of the effects of litter and root carbon inputs on the Q10 of soil respiration in different seasons. In this study, we used the trench method under in situ conditions to measure the total soil respiration (Rtotal), litter-removed soil respiration (Rno-litter), root-removed soil respiration (Rno-root), and the decomposition of soil organic matter (i.e., both litter and root removal; RSOM) in different seasons of pioneer (Populus davidiana Dode) and climax (Quercus liaotungensis Mary) forests on the Loess Plateau, China. Soil temperature, soil moisture, litter biomass, fine root biomass, litter carbon, and root carbon were analyzed to obtain the drive mechanism of the Q10 of soil respiration in the two forests. The results showed that the Q10 of soil respiration exhibited seasonality, and the Q10 of soil respiration was higher in summer. The litter enhanced the Q10 of soil respiration considerably more than the root did. Soil temperature, soil moisture, fine root biomass, and litter carbon were the main factors used to predict the Q10 of different soil respiration components. These findings indicated that factors affecting the Q10 of soil respiration highly depended on soil temperature and soil moisture as well as related litter and root traits in the two forests, which can improve our understanding of soil carbon-climate feedback in global warming. The results of this study can provide reference for exploring soil respiration under temperate forest restoration.

Key words： litter biomass      root carbon      soil respiration      temperate forests      Loess Plateau     
Received: 29 May 2022      Published: 30 September 2022
Corresponding Authors: WANG Kaibo, DENG Lei     E-mail: wangkb@ieecas.cn;leideng@ms.iswc.ac.cn
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
LIU Yulin
LI Jiwei
HAI Xuying
WU Jianzhao
DONG Lingbo
PAN Yingjie
SHANGGUAN Zhouping
WANG Kaibo
DENG Lei
Cite this article:

LIU Yulin, LI Jiwei, HAI Xuying, WU Jianzhao, DONG Lingbo, PAN Yingjie, SHANGGUAN Zhouping, WANG Kaibo, DENG Lei. Carbon inputs regulate the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in temperate forests. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(9): 1055-1068.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0102-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I9/1055

Fig. 1 Seasonal differences among the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of total soil respiration (Rtotal), litter-removed soil respiration (Rno-litter), root-removed soil respiration (Rno-root), and the decomposition of soil organic matter (i.e., both litter and root removal; RSOM) in Populus davidiana Dode forests (a) and Quercus liaotungensis Mary forests (b). Lowercase letters indicate the variations observed with changing seasons for the same treatment (P<0.05). Uppercase letters indicate the variations observed with varying treatments in the same season (P<0.05). Bars represent standard errors.
Factor Degree of freedom P. davidiana Q. liaotungensis
Mean square F value Mean square F value
Seasons 2 87.04 148.21*** 77.50 166.89***
Treatments 3 3.28 5.58** 2.77 5.96**
Seasons×Treatments 6 1.60 2.72* 0.82 1.78
Table 1 Analysis of variance for the factors affecting the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration with seasons and treatments in Populus davidiana Dode forests and Quercus liaotungensis Mary forests
Fig. 2 Seasonal changes in soil respiration rate, soil temperature, and soil moisture in P. davidiana forests (a, c, and e) and Q. liaotungensis forests (b, d, and f). Bars represent standard errors.
Fig. 3 Responses of the Q10 of soil respiration to the combination of soil temperature (T) and soil moisture (M) with a bivariate non-linear model (Q10=a×M×T+b×M+c×T+d, where a, b, and c represent the coefficients of soil temperature and soil moisture, and d represents the constant) in P. davidiana forests (a, c, and e) and Q. liaotungensis forests (b, d, and f). The specific fitting equation is shown in Table 2.
Forests Season Equation R2
P. davidiana Spring Q10=0.01×M×T-0.21×M-0.03×T+1.41 0.86***
Summer Q10= -0.01×M×T+0.38×M+0.66×T-14.56 0.81***
Autumn Q10=0.005×M×T-0.07×M+0.05×T+0.07 0.92***
Q. liaotungensis Spring Q10= -0.02×M×T+0.33×M+0.30×T-4.57 0.83***
Summer Q10= -0.02×M×T+0.37×M+0.49×T-9.83 0.81***
Autumn Q10= -0.001×M×T+0.02×M+0.11×T-0.81 0.95***
Table 2 Equations of the Q10 of soil respiration with soil temperature (T) and soil moisture (M) in P. davidiana forests and Q. liaotungensis forests
Fig. 4 Relationships of the Q10 of soil respiration with soil temperature and soil moisture in P. davidiana forests (a and c) and Q. liaotungensis forests (b and d)
Forests Litter
biomass (g/m2)		 Litter carbon (g/kg) Fine root biomass (g/m2) Root carbon (g/kg)
Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
P. davidiana 135.47
±8.33b		 372.21
±3.51a		 187.80
±16.60Ba		 243.19
±4.37Aa		 252.38
±18.88Aa		 322.28
±20.00Aa		 319.90
±4.54Aa		 337.13
±2.42Aa
Q. liaotungensis 267.44
±10.89a		 294.31
±11.95b		 126.98
±10.86Bb		 256.59
±10.56Aa		 242.37
±17.65Aa		 312.33
±20.32Aa		 300.82
±10.69Aa		 314.29
±7.23Ab
Table 3 Litter biomass, litter carbon, fine root biomass, and root carbon in P. davidiana forests and Q. liaotungensis forests
Fig. 5 Pearson correlation of the Q10 of soil respiration with litter biomass (LB), fine root biomass (RB), litter carbon (LC), and root carbon (RC) under different treatments and seasons. (a and b), the correlation of different treatments with LB, RB, LC, and RC; (c and d), the correlation of different seasons with LB, RB, LC, and RC. *, P<0.05.
Fig. 6 Structural equation model for evaluating the direct and indirect effects of T, M, LB, RB, LC, and RC on the Q10 of soil respiration and standardised total effect in P. davidiana forests (a and c) and Q. liaotungensis forests (b and d). The black and grey lines indicate that the correlation is significant and not significant, respectively; the dashed and solid lines represent negative and positive correlations, respectively (P=0.05); and the line thickness represents the magnitude of the path coefficient. CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.
[1]   Aaltonen H, Lindén A, Heinonsalo J, et al. 2017. Effects of prolonged drought stress on Scots pine seedling carbon allocation. Tree Physiology, 37(4): 418-427.
doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpw119 pmid: 27974653
[2]   Ballantyne A P, Andres R, Houghton R, et al. 2015. Audit of the global carbon budget: estimate errors and their impact on uptake uncertainty. Biogeosciences, 12(8): 2565-2584.
doi: 10.5194/bg-12-2565-2015
[3]   Bond-Lamberty B, Thomson A. 2010. Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature, 464(7288): 579-582.
doi: 10.1038/nature08930
[4]   Bond-Lamberty B, Bailey V L, Chen M, et al. 2018. Globally rising soil heterotrophic respiration over recent decades. Nature, 560(7716): 80-83.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0358-x
[5]   Brunner I, Herzog C, Dawes M A, et al. 2015. How tree roots respond to drought. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 547, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00547.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00547 pmid: 26284083
[6]   Chang S X, Shi Z, Thomas B R. 2016. Soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity in agricultural and afforested poplar plantation systems in northern Alberta. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 52(5): 629-641.
doi: 10.1007/s00374-016-1104-x
[7]   Chen F, Yan G Y, Xing Y J, et al. 2019. Effects of N addition and precipitation reduction on soil respiration and its components in a temperate forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 271: 336-345.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.03.021
[8]   Davidson E A, Janssens I A, Luo Y. 2006. On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10. Global Change Biology, 12(2): 154-164.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01065.x
[9]   D'Acunto L, Andrade J F, Poggio S L, et al. 2018. Diversifying crop rotation increased metabolic soil diversity and activity of the microbial community. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 257: 159-164.
doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2018.02.011
[10]   Deng L, Liu G B, Shangguan Z P. 2014a. Land-use conversion and changing soil carbon stocks in China's 'Grain-for-Green' Program: a synthesis. Global Change Biology, 20(11): 3544-3556.
doi: 10.1111/gcb.12508
[11]   Deng L, Wang K B, Shangguan Z P. 2014b. Long-term natural succession improves nitrogen storage capacity of soil on the Loess Plateau, China. Soil Research, 52(3): 262-270.
doi: 10.1071/SR12377
[12]   Deng L, Wang K B, Zhu G Y, et al. 2018. Changes of soil carbon in five land use stages following 10 years of vegetation succession on the Loess Plateau, China. CATENA, 171: 185-192.
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.07.014
[13]   Di Nardo C, Cinquegrana A, Papa S, et al. 2004. Laccase and peroxidase isoenzymes during leaf litter decomposition of Quercus ilex in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36(10): 1539-1544.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.013
[14]   Ferreira A C C, Leite L F C, de Ara A S F, et al. 2016. Land-use type effects on soil organic carbon and microbial properties in a semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. Land Degradation and Development, 27(2): 171-178.
doi: 10.1002/ldr.2282
[15]   Gaumant-Guay D, Black T A, McCaughey H, et al. 2009. Soil CO2 efflux in contrasting boreal deciduous and coniferous stands and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance. Global Change Biology, 15(5): 1302-1319.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01830.x
[16]   Ge X G, Cao Y H, Zhou B Z, et al. 2020. Combined application of biochar and N increased temperature sensitivity of soil respiration but still decreased the soil CO2 emissions in moso bamboo plantations. Science of the Total Environment, 730: 139003, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139003.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139003
[17]   Goncharova O, Matyshak G, Udovenko M, et al. 2020. Temporal dynamics, drivers, and components of soil respiration in urban forest ecosystems. CATENA, 185: 104299, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104299.
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104299
[18]   Guan C, Zhang P, Zhao C M, et al. 2021. Effects of warming and rainfall pulses on soil respiration in a biological soil crust-dominated desert ecosystem. Geoderma, 381: 114683, doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114683.
doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114683
[19]   He H L, Ge R, Ren X L, et al. 2021. Reference carbon cycle dataset for typical Chinese forests via colocated observations and data assimilation. Scientific Data, 8: 42, doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00826-w.
doi: 10.1038/s41597-021-00826-w
[20]   Hu S D, Li Y F, Chang S X, et al. 2018. Soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration respond differently to land-use change and variations in environmental factors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 250-251: 290-298.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.003
[21]   Hu Y G, Jiang L L, Wang S P, et al. 2016. The temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration to climate change in an alpine meadow on the Tibet plateau: A reciprocal translocation experiment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 216: 93-104.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.10.002
[22]   Jones C, McConnell C, Coleman K, et al. 2005. Global climate change and soil carbon stocks; predictions from two contrasting models for the turnover of organic carbon in soil. Global Change Biology, 11(1): 154-166.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00885.x
[23]   Kim D G, Mu S G, Kang S Y, et al. 2010. Factors controlling soil CO2 effluxes and the effects of rewetting on effluxes in adjacent deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests in Korea. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42(4): 576-585.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.005
[24]   Kukumägi M, Ostonen I, Uri V, et al. 2017. Variation of soil respiration and its components in hemiboreal Norway spruce stands of different ages. Plant and Soil, 414(1-2): 265-280.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-016-3133-5
[25]   Kunito T, Shiroma T, Moro H, et al. 2018. Annual variation in soil enzyme activity in a paddy field: soil temperature and nutrient availability are important for controlling enzyme activities. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, doi: 10.1155/2018/4093219.
doi: 10.1155/2018/4093219
[26]   Lei N, Li J, Chen T Q. 2021. Respiration characteristics and its responses to hydrothermal seasonal changes in reconstructed soils. Scientific Reports, 11: 144, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80623-4.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80623-4 pmid: 33420307
[27]   Li J Q, Pendall E, Dijkstra F A, et al. 2020a. Root effects on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration depend on climatic condition and ecosystem type. Soil and Tillage Research, 199: 104574, doi: 10.1016/j.still.2020.104574.
doi: 10.1016/j.still.2020.104574
[28]   Li J Q, Pei J M, Pendall E, et al. 2020b. Spatial heterogeneity of temperature sensitivity of soil respiration: A global analysis of field observations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 141: 107675, doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107675.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107675
[29]   Li J Q, Nie M, Pendall E, et al. 2020c. Biogeographic variation in temperature sensitivity of decomposition in forest soils. Global Change Biology, 26(3): 1873-1885.
doi: 10.1111/gcb.14838
[30]   Li J Q, Pei J M, Dijkstra F A, et al. 2021. Microbial carbon use efficiency, biomass residence time and temperature sensitivity across ecosystems and soil depths. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 154: 108117, doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108117.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108117
[31]   Li J W, Li M Y, Dong L B, et al. 2020. Plant productivity and microbial composition drive soil carbon and nitrogen sequestrations following cropland abandonment. Science of the Total Environment, 744: 140802, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140802.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv. 2020.140802
[32]   Li Y C, Hou C C, Song C C, et al. 2016. Seasonal changes in the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration in a freshwater marsh in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(10): 848, doi: 10.1007/s12665-016-5592-7.
doi: 10.1007/s12665- 016-5592-7
[33]   Liu Y, He N P, Zhu J X, et al. 2017. Regional variation in the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition in China's forests and grasslands. Global Change Biology, 23(8): 3393-3402.
doi: 10.1111/gcb.13613
[34]   Liu Y L, Zhu G Y, Hai X Y, et al. 2020. Long-term forest succession improves plant diversity and soil quality but not significantly increase soil microbial diversity: Evidence from the Loess Plateau. Ecological Engineering, 142: 105631, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105631.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105631
[35]   Luan J W, Liu S R, Wang J X, et al. 2011. Rhizospheric and heterotrophic respiration of a warm-temperate oak chronosequence in China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43(3): 503-512.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.010
[36]   Ma Y C, Piao S L, Sun Z Z, et al. 2014. Stand ages regulate the response of soil respiration to temperature in a Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 184: 179-187.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.10.008
[37]   Machmuller M B, Ballantyne F, Markewitz D, et al. 2018. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in a low-latitude forest ecosystem varies by season and habitat but is unaffected by experimental warming. Biogeochemistry, 141(1): 63-73.
doi: 10.1007/s10533-018-0501-7
[38]   Meyer N, Welp G, Amelung W. 2018a. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil respiration: Controlling factors and spatial prediction at regional scale based on environmental soil classes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(2): 306-323.
doi: 10.1002/2017GB005644
[39]   Meyer N, Meyer H, Welp G, et al. 2018b. Soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity (Q10): Rapid acquisition using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Geoderma, 323: 31-40.
doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.031
[40]   Nelson D W, Sommers L E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. Methods of Soil Analysis, 9: 961-1010.
[41]   Qin J H, Zhang W X, Wang Q, et al. 2013. Temperature sensitivity of enzyme activity in subalpine forest soil in southwest China. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 50(6): 1241-1245. (in Chinese)
[42]   Qu L Y, Kitaoka S, Koike T. 2018. Factors controlling soil microbial respiration during the growing season in a mature larch plantation in Northern Japan. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(3): 661-668.
doi: 10.1007/s11368-017-1799-9
[43]   Rey A, Pegoraro E, Tedeschi V, et al. 2002. Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy. Global Change Biology, 8(9): 851-866.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00521.x
[44]   Shi B K, Gao W F, Jin G Z. 2015. Effects on rhizospheric and heterotrophic respiration of conversion from primary forest to secondary forest and plantations in northeast China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 66: 11-18.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.11.003
[45]   Subke J A, Voke N R, Leronni V, et al. 2011. Dynamics and pathways of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil CO2 efflux revealed by forest girdling. Journal of Ecology, 99(1): 186-193.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01740.x
[46]   Suseela V, Tharayil N, Xing B, et al. 2013. Labile compounds in plant litter reduce the sensitivity of decomposition to warming and altered precipitation. New Phytologist, 200(1): 122-133.
doi: 10.1111/nph.12376 pmid: 23822593
[47]   Todd-Brown K E O, Randerson J T, Post W M, et al. 2013. Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP 5 Earth system models and comparison with observations. Biogeosciences, 10(3): 1717-1736.
doi: 10.5194/bg-10-1717-2013
[48]   Tucker C L, McHugh T A, Howell A, et al. 2017. The concurrent use of novel soil surface microclimate measurements to evaluate CO2 pulses in biocrusted interspaces in a cool desert ecosystem. Biogeochemistry, 135(3): 239-249.
doi: 10.1007/s10533-017-0372-3
[49]   Uri V, Varik M, Aosaar J, et al. 2012. Biomass production and carbon sequestration in a fertile silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) forest chronosequence. Forest Ecology and Management, 267: 117-126.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.033
[50]   Varik M, Aosaar J, Ostonen I, et al. 2013. Carbon and nitrogen accumulation in belowground tree biomass in a chronosequence of silver birch stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 302: 62-70.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.033
[51]   Wang G B, Zhou Y, Xu X, et al. 2013. Temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon mineralization along an elevation gradient in the Wuyi Mountains, China. PloS ONE, 8(1): e53914, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053914.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053914
[52]   Wang K B, Deng L, Di D R, et al. 2020. Tracking soil carbon processes in two temperate forests at different successional stages using stable and radioactive carbon isotopes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 304: 107143, doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2020.107143.
doi: 10.1016/j.agee. 2020.107143
[53]   Wang M, Li X J, Wang S Z, et al. 2018. Patterns and controls of temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in a meadow steppe of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. PloS ONE, 13(9): e0204053, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204053.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204053
[54]   Wang Q K, Zhang W D, Sun T, et al. 2017. N and P fertilization reduced soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in a young Cunninghamia lanceolata forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 232: 66-73.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.08.007
[55]   Wang R, Wang Z Q, Sun Q Q, et al. 2016. Effects of crop types and nitrogen fertilization on temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the semi-arid Loess Plateau. Soil and Tillage Research, 163: 1-9.
doi: 10.1016/j.still.2016.05.005
[56]   Wang R, Sun Q Q, Wang Y, et al. 2018. Contrasting responses of soil respiration and temperature sensitivity to land use types: Cropland vs. apple orchard on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 621: 425-433.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.290
[57]   Wang R, Hu Y X, Wang Y, et al. 2019. Nitrogen application increases soil respiration but decreases temperature sensitivity: Combined effects of crop and soil properties in a semiarid agroecosystem. Geoderma, 353: 320-330.
doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.07.019
[58]   Wang T H, Yu S X, Cui G S. 2019. Impacts of climate change on global carbon cycle in ecosystem. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 37(1): 105-108. (in Chinese)
[59]   Wang W, Zeng W J, Chen W L, et al. 2013. Effects of forest age on soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration differ between evergreen and deciduous forests. PloS ONE, 8(11): e80937, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080937.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080937
[60]   Wu C S, Zhang Y P, Xu X L, et al. 2014. Influence of interactions between litter decomposition and rhizosphere activity on soil respiration and on the temperature sensitivity in a subtropical montane forest in SW China. Plant and Soil, 381(1-2): 215-224.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-014-2106-9
[61]   Xiao H B, Li Z W, Dong Y T, et al. 2017. Changes in microbial communities and respiration following the revegetation of eroded soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 246: 30-37.
doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.026
[62]   Xu L, Yu G, He N, et al. 2018. Carbon storage in China's terrestrial ecosystems: A synthesis. Scientific Reports, 8: 2806, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20764-9.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20764-9
[63]   Xu Z F, Tang S S, Xiong L, et al. 2015. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in China's forest ecosystems: Patterns and controls. Applied Soil Ecology, 93: 105-110.
doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.04.008
[64]   Yan J X, Chen L F, Li J J, et al. 2013. Five-year soil respiration reflected soil quality evolution in different forest and grassland vegetation types in the eastern Loess Plateau of China. CLEAN-Soil, Air, Water, 41(7): 680-689.
doi: 10.1002/clen.201200591
[65]   Yan T, Song H H, Wang Z Q, et al. 2019. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration across multiple time scales in a temperate plantation forest. Science of the Total Environment, 688: 479-485.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.318
[66]   Yan Z, Bond-Lamberty B, Todd-Brown K E, et al. 2018. A moisture function of soil heterotrophic respiration that incorporates microscale processes. Nature Communications, 9(1): 2562, doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04971-6.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04971-6
[67]   Yu S Q, Chen Y Q, Zhao J, et al. 2017. Temperature sensitivity of total soil respiration and its heterotrophic and autotrophic components in six vegetation types of subtropical China. Science of the Total Environment, 607-608: 160-167.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.194
[68]   Zeng W J, Chen J B, Liu H Y, et al. 2018. Soil respiration and its autotrophic and heterotrophic components in response to nitrogen addition among different degraded temperate grasslands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 124: 255-265.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.06.019
[69]   Zhang J J, Li Y, Wang J S, et al. 2021. Different responses of soil respiration and its components to nitrogen and phosphorus addition in a subtropical secondary forest. Forest Ecosystems, 8: 37, doi: 10.1186/s40663-021-00313-z.
doi: 10.1186/s40663-021-00313-z
[1] WANG Yaobin, SHANGGUAN Zhouping. Formation mechanisms and remediation techniques for low-efficiency artificial shelter forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(8): 837-848.
[2] WANG Fengjiao, FU Bojie, LIANG Wei, JIN Zhao, ZHANG Liwei, YAN Jianwu, FU Shuyi, GOU Fen. Assessment of drought and its impact on winter wheat yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(7): 771-786.
[3] SUN Dingzhao, LIANG Youjia, PENG Shouzhang. Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(4): 390-410.
[4] LI Panpan, WANG Bing, YANG Yanfen, LIU Guobin. Effects of vegetation near-soil-surface factors on runoff and sediment reduction in typical grasslands on the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(3): 325-340.
[5] LING Xinying, MA Jinzhu, CHEN Peiyuan, LIU Changjie, Juske HORITA. Isotope implications of groundwater recharge, residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(1): 34-55.
[6] CHEN Shumin, JIN Zhao, ZHANG Jing, YANG Siqi. Soil quality assessment in different dammed-valley farmlands in the hilly-gully mountain areas of the northern Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(8): 777-789.
[7] HUANG Laiming, ZHAO Wen, SHAO Ming'an. Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(7): 688-698.
[8] PEI Yanwu, HUANG Laiming, SHAO Ming'an, ZHANG Yinglong. Responses of Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. in the sandy and loamy soils to water stress[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(5): 791-805.
[9] GONG Yidan, XING Xuguang, WANG Weihua. Factors determining soil water heterogeneity on the Chinese Loess Plateau as based on an empirical mode decomposition method[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(3): 462-472.
[10] QIAO Xianguo, GUO Ke, LI Guoqing, ZHAO Liqing, LI Frank Yonghong, GAO Chenguang. Assessing the collapse risk of Stipa bungeana grassland in China based on its distribution changes[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(2): 303-317.
[11] Jun WU, STEPHEN Yeboah, Liqun CAI, Renzhi ZHANG, Peng QI, Zhuzhu LUO, Lingling LI, Junhong XIE, Bo DONG. Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(4): 567-578.
[12] Hongfen ZHU, Yi CAO, Yaodong JING, Geng LIU, Rutian BI, Wude YANG. Multi-scale spatial relationships between soil total nitrogen and influencing factors in a basin landscape based on multivariate empirical mode decomposition[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(3): 385-399.
[13] Shanshan JIN, Youke WANG, Xing WANG, Yonghong BAI, Leigang SHI. Effect of pruning intensity on soil moisture and water use efficiency in jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau Region, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(3): 446-460.
[14] Chunlei ZHAO, Ming'an SHAO, Xiaoxu JIA, Laiming HUANG, Yuanjun ZHU. Spatial distribution of water-activesoil layer along the south-north transect in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2019, 11(2): 228-240.
[15] Guohua HE, Yong ZHAO, Jianhua WANG, Qingming WANG, Yongnan ZHU. Impact of large-scale vegetation restoration project on summer land surface temperature on the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2018, 10(6): 892-904.