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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (9): 1084-1106    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0068-6
Research article     
Response of soil respiration to short-term changes in precipitation and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe
MA Jinpeng1,2,3, PANG Danbo2,3, HE Wenqiang2,3, ZHANG Yaqi2,3, WU Mengyao1,2,3, LI Xuebin2,3,*(), CHEN Lin2,3
1College of Forestry and Prataculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2College of Ecological Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
3Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Abstract  

Changes in precipitation and nitrogen (N) addition may significantly affect the processes of soil carbon (C) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems, such as soil respiration. However, relatively few studies have investigated the effects of changes in precipitation and N addition on soil respiration in the upper soil layer in desert steppes. In this study, we conducted a control experiment that involved a field simulation from July 2020 to December 2021 in a desert steppe in Yanchi County, China. Specifically, we measured soil parameters including soil temperature, soil moisture, total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and contents of soil microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, and protozoa, and determined the components of soil respiration including soil respiration with litter (RS+L), soil respiration without litter (RS), and litter respiration (RL) under short-term changes in precipitation (control, increased precipitation by 30%, and decreased precipitation by 30%) and N addition (0.0 and 10.0 g/(m2·a)) treatments. Our results indicated that short-term changes in precipitation and N addition had substantial positive effects on the contents of TN, SOC, and SMBC, as well as the contents of soil actinomyces and protozoa. In addition, N addition significantly enhanced the rates of RS+L and RS by 4.8% and 8.0% (P<0.05), respectively. The increase in precipitation markedly increased the rates of RS+L and RS by 2.3% (P<0.05) and 5.7% (P<0.001), respectively. The decrease in precipitation significantly increased the rates of RS+L and RS by 12.9% (P<0.05) and 23.4% (P<0.001), respectively. In contrast, short-term changes in precipitation and N addition had no significant effects on RL rate (P>0.05). The mean RL/RS+L value observed under all treatments was 27.63%, which suggested that RL is an important component of soil respiration in the desert steppe ecosystems. The results also showed that short-term changes in precipitation and N addition had significant interactive effects on the rates of RS+L, RS, and RL (P<0.001). In addition, soil temperature was the most important abiotic factor that affected the rates of RS+L, RS, and RL. Results of the correlation analysis demonstrated that the rates of RS+L, RS, and RL were closely related to soil temperature, soil moisture, TN, SOC, and the contents of soil microorganisms, and the structural equation model revealed that SOC and SMBC are the key factors influencing the rates of RS+L, RS, and RL. This study provides further insights into the characteristics of soil C emissions in desert steppe ecosystems in the context of climate change, which can be used as a reference for future related studies.

Key words： soil respiration      litter respiration      nitrogen deposition      soil carbon      soil microorganisms      climate change      desert steppe ecosystems     
Received: 24 February 2023      Published: 30 September 2023
Corresponding Authors: * LI Xuebin (E-mail: lixuebin@nxu.edu.cn)
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MA Jinpeng
PANG Danbo
HE Wenqiang
ZHANG Yaqi
WU Mengyao
LI Xuebin
CHEN Lin
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MA Jinpeng, PANG Danbo, HE Wenqiang, ZHANG Yaqi, WU Mengyao, LI Xuebin, CHEN Lin. Response of soil respiration to short-term changes in precipitation and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(9): 1084-1106.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0068-6     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I9/1084

Fig. 1 Variations in mean soil moisture and temperature (a), mean SMBN and SMBC (b), mean TN and SOC (c), and mean soil microbial content (d) under different treatments. SMBN, soil microbial biomass nitrogen; SMBC, soil microbial biomass carbon; TN, total nitrogen; SOC, soil organic carbon. N0 and N10 indicate nitrogen (N) addition rates at 0.0 and 10.0 g/(m2·a), respectively. CK, IP, and DP represent the precipitation levels of the control, increased precipitation by 30%, and decreased precipitation by 30%, respectively. N0×P indicates the treatments of CK+N0, IP+N0, and DP+N0; N10×P indicates the treatments of CK+N10, IP+N10 and DP+N10; DP×N indicates the treatments of DP+N0 and DP+N10; CK×N indicates the treatments of CK+N0 and CK+N10; IP×N indicates the treatments of IP+N0 and IP+N10. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments for the same soil parameter at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. * indicates significant differences among N addition treatments or among precipitation change treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test; *** indicates significant differences among N addition treatments or among precipitation change treatments at P<0.001 level based on the Duncan's test; ns indicates no significant differences among N addition treatments or among precipitation change treatments at P>0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard errors.
Soil parameter Changes in precipitation N addition Changes in precipitation×N addition
F P F P F P
Soil moisture 145.451 *** 24.343 *** 5.716 *
Soil temperature 940.636 *** 3.854 ns 1.407 ns
SMBN 1.409 ns 5.212 * 5.839 *
SMBC 2.422 ns 0.420 ns 0.783 ns
TN 10.467 *** 10.318 * 1.295 ns
SOC 11.204 *** 1.434 ns 2.595 ns
Bacteria 0.171 ns 0.194 ns 3.278 *
Fungi 2.353 ns 0.003 ns 1.188 ns
Actinomyces 9.834 *** 11.37 *** 9.361 ***
Protozoa 14.234 *** 1.503 ns 0.237 ns
Table 1 Effects of changes in precipitation, nitrogen (N) addition, and their interaction (changes in precipitation×N addition) on soil parameters
Fig. 2 Diurnal dynamics in soil respiration with litter (RS+L) in spring (a and b), summer (c and d), autumn (e and f), and winter (g and h) under different treatments. Small figures show the daily average RS+L rate under different treatments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among precipitation change treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test; ns indicates no significant differences among N addition treatments at P>0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 3 Diurnal dynamics in soil respiration without litter (RS) in spring (a and b), summer (c and d), autumn (e and f), and winter (g and h) under different treatments. Small figures show the daily average RS rate under different treatments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among precipitation change treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test; * indicates significant differences among N addition treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test; ns indicates no significant differences among N addition treatments at P>0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 4 Diurnal dynamics in litter respiration (RL) in spring (a and b), summer (c and d), autumn (e and f), and winter (g and h) under different treatments. Small figures show the daily average RL rate under different treatments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among precipitation change treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test; ns indicates no significant differences among N addition treatments at P>0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 5 Mean soil respiration (RS+L, RS, RL) rate (a) and litter respiration contribution (RL/RS+L) (b) under different treatments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different precipitation change and N addition treatments at P<0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. *** indicates significant differences among N addition treatments or among precipitation change treatments at P<0.001 level based on the Duncan's test; ns indicates no significant differences among N addition treatments or among precipitation change treatments at P>0.05 level based on the Duncan's test. Bars mean standard errors.
Factor RS+L RS RL
F P F P F P
Changes in precipitation 4.452 * 59.160 *** 0.203 ns
N addition 1.437 ns 14.994 *** 0.358 ns
Changes in precipitation×N addition 28.065 *** 101.511 *** 13.733 ***
Table 2 Effects of changes in precipitation, N addition, and their interaction on soil respiration with litter (RS+L), soil respiration without litter (RS), and litter respiration (RL)
Fig. 6 Relationships of soil respiration (RS+L, RS, and RL) with soil temperature (a, c, and e) and soil moisture (b, d, and f). T, soil temperature; W, soil moisture. The shaded part represents a 95% confidence interval.
Fig. 7 Correlation coefficients among soil respiration (RS+L, RS, and RL), biotic factors (soil microorganisms) and abiotic factors (soil temperature, moisture, TN, SOC, SMBN, and SMBC, as well as changes in precipitation and N addition). *, significance at P<0.05 level; **, significance at P<0.01 level; ***, significance at P<0.001 level. Ellipses of different shapes indicate different significant sizes.
Fig. 8 Results of the structural equation model (SEM) reflecting the multivariate effects of biotic factors (soil microorganisms) and abiotic factors (soil temperature, moisture, SOC, and SMBC, as well as changes in precipitation and N addition) on RS+L (a1 and a2), RS (b1 and b2), and RL (c1 and c2). Hyd-factor, soil hydrothermal factors; Soil C, soil carbon; χ2/df, cardinality freedom ratio; GFI, goodness-of-fit index; AGFI, adjusted goodness-of-fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation. Arrows show the effects of different factors on soil respiration. Values around the solid and dashed lines indicate positive and negative effects, respectively. The thickness of the line reflects the absolute value size of the correlation coefficient, for example, the thicker the line, the stronger the correlation. *, significance at P<0.05 level; **, significance at P<0.01 level; ***, significance at P<0.001 level.
Fig. S1 Diurnal dynamics of soil temperature and moisture in spring (a and e), summer (b and f), autumn (c and g), and winter (d and h) under different treatments. N0 and N10 indicate nitrogen (N) addition rates at 0.0 and 10.0 g/(m2·a), respectively. CK, IP, and DP indicate the precipitation levels of the control, increased precipitation by 30%, and decreased precipitation by 30%, respectively. N0×P indicates the treatments of CK+N0, IP+N0, and DP+N0; N10×P indicates the treatments of CK+N10, IP+N10, and DP+N10; DP×N indicates the treatments of DP+N0 and DP+N10; CK×N indicates the treatments of CK+N0 and CK+N10; IP×N indicates the treatments of IP+N0 and IP+N10. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. S2 Seasonal dynamics in (a and b) soil respiration with litter (RS+L), (c and d) soil respiration without litter (RS), and (e and f) litter respiration (RL) under different treatments. Bars mean standard errors.
Index Stipa breviflora Sophora
alopecuroides		 Agropyron
mongolicum		 Artemisia
scoparia		 F P
Cellulose content (g/100 g) 14.14±0.10d 10.08±0.20c 15.44±0.08b 16.18±0.14a 394.9 ***
Hemicellulose content (g/100 g) 18.23±0.39a 11.48±0.15d 14.98±0.20b 12.57±0.16c 148.0 ***
Lignin content (g/100 g) 28.65±0.05b 28.37±0.15b 29.17±0.20a 28.34±0.16b 6.6 *
TN content (g/100 g) 1.53±0.02c 3.28±0.04a 1.75±0.09b 1.35±0.04d 256.5 ***
TP content (g/100 g) 0.05±0.00c 0.17±0.02a 0.08±0.01bc 0.11±0.01b 22.3 ***
TC content (g/100 g) 35.81±1.17c 42.70±0.49b 42.38±0.70b 50.74±1.24a 41.0 ***
Table S1 Characteristics of litter indices of the four typical plant species in the study area
Soil respiration Equation a b c P R2
RS+L RS+L=0.020T+0.019W-0.107 0.020 0.019 -0.107 *** 70.990
RS RS=0.014T+0.016W-0.010 0.014 0.016 -0.010 *** 57.090
RL RL=0.005T+0.003W-0.007 0.005 0.003 -0.007 *** 33.902
Table S2 Composite functional parameters of soil respiration with litter (RS+L), soil respiration without litter (RS), and litter respiration (RL) with soil temperature and moisture
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