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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2021, Vol. 13 Issue (6): 612-628    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0011-7
Research article     
Assessment of organic compost and biochar in promoting phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil using Calendula officinalis in the Loess Plateau, China
WANG Jincheng1,2,3,4, JING Mingbo4, ZHANG Wei1,2, ZHANG Gaosen1,2, ZHANG Binglin1,2, LIU Guangxiu1,2,*(), CHEN Tuo2,5, ZHAO Zhiguang2,6
1Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China
5State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract  

The Loess Plateau, located in Gansu Province, is an important energy base in China because most of the oil and gas resources are distributed in Gansu Province. In the last 40 a, ecological environment in this region has been extremely destroyed due to the over-exploitation of crude-oil resources. Remediation of crude-oil contaminated soil in this area remains to be a challenging task. In this study, in order to elucidate the effects of organic compost and biochar on phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil (20 g/kg) by Calendula officinalis, we designed five treatments, i.e., natural attenuation (CK), planted C. officinalis only (P), planted C. officinalis with biochar amendment (PB), planted C. officinalis with organic compost amendment (PC), and planted C. officinalis with co-amendment of biochar and organic compost (PBC). After 152 d of cultivation, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal rates of CK, P, PB, PC and PBC were 6.36%, 50.08%, 39.58%, 73.10% and 59.87%, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights of C. officinalis significantly increased by 172.31% and 80.96% under PC and 311.61% and 145.43% under PBC, respectively as compared with P (P<0.05). Total chlorophyll contents in leaves ofC. officinalis under P, PC and PBC significantly increased by 77.36%, 125.50% and 79.80%, respectively (P<0.05) as compared with PB. Physical-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activity of soil in different treatments were also assessed. The highest total N, total P, available N, available P and SOM (soil organic matter) occurred in PC, followed by PBC (P<0.05).C. officinalis rhizospheric soil dehydrogenase (DHA) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in PB were lower than those of other treatments (P<0.05). The values of ACE (abundance-based coverage estimators) and Chao 1 indices for rhizospheric bacteria were the highest under PC followed by PBC, P, PB and CK (P<0.05). However, the Shannon index for bacteria was the highest under PC and PBC, followed by P, PB and CK (P<0.05). In terms of soil microbial community composition,Proteiniphilum, Immundisolibacteraceae and Solimonadaceae were relatively more abundant under PC and PBC. Relative abundances of Pseudallescheria, Ochroconis, Fusarium, Sarocladium, Podospora, Apodus, Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium under PC and PBC were higher, while relative abundances of Gliomastix, Aspergillusand Alternaria were lower under PC and PBC. As per the nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis, application of organic compost significantly promoted soil N and P contents, shoot length, root vitality, chlorophyll ratio, total chlorophyll, abundance and diversity of rhizospheric soil microbial community in C. officinalis. A high pH value and lower soil N and P contents induced by biochar, altered C. officinalis rhizospheric soil microbial community composition, which might have restrained its phytoremediation efficiency. The results suggest that organic compost-assistedC. officinalis phytoremediation for crude-oil contaminated soil was highly effective in the Loess Plateau, China.



Key words： total petroleum hydrocarbons      soil physical-chemical characteristics      plant physiological parameters      soil enzyme      microbial community composition     
Received: 26 December 2020      Published: 10 June 2021
Corresponding Authors:
About author: LIU Guangxiu (E-mail: liugx@lzb.ac.cn)
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Cite this article:

WANG Jincheng, JING Mingbo, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Gaosen, ZHANG Binglin, LIU Guangxiu, CHEN Tuo, ZHAO Zhiguang. Assessment of organic compost and biochar in promoting phytoremediation of crude-oil contaminated soil using Calendula officinalis in the Loess Plateau, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(6): 612-628.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0011-7     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I6/612

Parameter Biochar Organic compost
pH 9.46±0.34 7.12±0.13
Soil bulk density (g/cm3) 0.49±0.04 1.73±0.19
EC (µs/cm) 1492.63±197.69 1924.86±168.55
Ash content (%) 65.86±8.64 19.35±4.36
Organic matter (%) - 51.38±16.97
Carbon content (%) 78.34±3.56 35.14±3.39
Hydrogen content (%) 1.14±0.09 4.31±0.85
Nitrogen content (%) 1.52±0.17 7.82±0.91
Sulfur content (%) 0.81±0.08 0.69±0.13
BET SA (m2/g) 30.451±0.413 -
TPV (cm3/g) 0.035±0.001 -
Table 1 Physical-chemical properties of biochar and organic compost
Amendment Plant Biochar Compost
CK N N N
P Y N N
PB Y Y N
PC Y N Y
PBC Y Y Y
Table 2 Experimental design of this study
Fig. 1 Removal rates of TPH (removal rate of total petroleum; a), ALK (removal rate of alkanes; b) and aromatic compounds (c) in crude-oil contaminated soil under different amendments. Bars are standard errors. Columns with different lowercase letters are significantly different among different amendments according to Duncan's test at P<0.05 level. The detailed amendments are shown inTable 2.
Fig. 2 Physiological parameters for Calendula officinalis in terms of shoot length (a), root vitality (b), total chlorophyll (c), chlorophyll ratio (d), shoot dry weight (e) and root dry weight (f) under different amendments. Bars are standard errors. Columns with different lowercase letters are significantly different among different amendments according to Duncan's test at P<0.05 level. The detailed amendments are shown inTable 2.
Fig. 3 Soil enzyme activities of dehydrogenase (DHA; a), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; b), urease (URE; c) and alkaline phosphatase (APA; d) in crude-oil contaminated soil under different amendments. Bars are standard errors. Columns with different lowercase letters are significantly different among different amendments according to Duncan's test atP<0.05 level. The detailed amendments are shown inTable 2.
Amendment TN (g/kg) TP (g/kg) AN (mg/kg) AP (mg/kg) SOM (g/kg) pH
CK 0.51±0.03c 0.37±0.04c 13.74±1.01c 10.45±0.26e 4.79±0.64d 8.34±0.05b
P 1.00±0.05b 0.55±0.04b 78.59±3.23b 26.58±1.58c 6.26±0.75c 7.82±0.04d
PB 1.08±0.06b 0.33±0.01c 84.35±3.41b 16.53±1.81d 4.52±0.43d 8.68±0.07a
PC 1.55±0.08a 0.81±0.06a 180.33±11.78a 55.72±2.87a 10.26±0.69a 7.38±0.04e
PBC 1.52±0.11a 0.53±0.05b 181.88±12.31a 37.09±3.29b 7.96±0.94b 8.22±0.11c
F value 41.014 47.239 157.042 81.752 52.534 22.044
P value P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Table 3 Soil physical-chemical characteristics in crude-oil contaminated soil under different amendments
Community Amendment Coverage (%) OUT Richness index Diversity index
ACE Chao 1 Shannon Simpson
Bacterial
community 		CK 99.87±0.01 591.33±40.28d 596.25±43.43c 622.88±34.19c 2.46±0.15c 0.32±0.03a
P 99.77±0.00 932.00±16.07b 984.07±5.93b 993.41±30.75b 4.21±0.02b 0.09±0.00b
PB 99.84±0.01 848.67±16.53c 940.74±22.66b 958.82±5.93b 4.29±0.05b 0.09±0.01b
PC 99.88±0.03 1024.33±10.68a 1102.34±15.24a 1109.78±19.16a 4.94±0.18a 0.02±0.00c
PBC 99.86±0.03 953.67±18.32a 1025.21±14.72b 1023.44±15.86b 4.82±0.05a 0.03±0.00c
F value 74.905 69.915 64.118 66.671 84.472
P value P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Fungal
community 		CK 99.87±0.01 197.00±9.07c 351.53±12.42b 342.08±15.45b 2.68±0.12d 0.12±0.02a
P 99.91±0.02 276.00±23.61b 439.82±8.38a 444.66±11.82a 3.46±0.22c 0.10±0.03b
PB 99.88±0.01 256.33±27.84b 445.09±3.19a 445.87±3.94a 2.71±0.13d 0.19±0.03a
PC 99.95±0.00 397.33±3.48a 428.03±8.41a 433.14±6.91a 4.29±0.04a 0.03±0.00d
PBC 99.92±0.02 383.67±11.72a 440.86±5.29a 446.41±8.72a 3.93±0.05b 0.06±0.00c
F value 58.028 20.301 16.412 36.526 40.536
P value P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001 P<0.001
Table 4 Richness and diversity indices of crude-oil contaminated soil microbial community under different amendments
Fig. 4 Multiple sample similarity tree and relative abundance of rhizospheric soil bacterial (a) and fungal (b) community compositions at the genus level in crude-oil contaminated soil under different amendments. R, replicate number. The detailed amendments are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 5 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) result of soil bacterial (a) and fungal (b) community compositions based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity measurement. PAH, removal rate of aromatics; ALK, removal rate of alkanes; PPO, polyphenol oxidase; SOM, soil organic matter; TN, total nitrogen; AN, available nitrogen; AP, available phosphorus; TPH, removal rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons. The detailed amendments are shown inTable 2.
Bacterial community Fungal community
Factor R2 P value Factor R2 P value
PAH 0.8824 0.001 AN 0.6894 0.002
pH 0.8459 0.003 pH 0.6641 0.003
ALK 0.7511 0.014 TN 0.5968 0.016
PPO 0.7324 0.017 Shannon 0.4261 0.034
SOM 0.7152 0.019 Chao 1 0.4186 0.035
AN 0.7055 0.021 PAH 0.3722 0.037
DHA 0.6974 0.027 URE 0.3586 0.042
Shannon 0.5354 0.031 TPH 0.2942 0.048
Chao 1 0.4426 0.043
AP 0.4061 0.046
Table 5 Relationships of soil bacterial and fungal community compositions with different soil environmental factors
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