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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (1): 109-126    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0003-x
Research article     
Diversity of soil bacteria and fungi communities in artificial forests of the sandy-hilly region of Northwest China
GOU Qianqian1, MA Gailing1, QU Jianjun2, WANG Guohua1,2,3,*()
1College of Geographical Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
2Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
3Laboratory of Watershed Hydrology and Ecology, Linze Inland River Basin Comprehensive Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Northwest Institute of Ecology and Environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract  

Soil erosion is a serious issue in the sandy-hilly region of Shanxi Province, Northwest China. There has been gradual improvement due to vegetation restoration, but soil microbial community characteristics in different vegetation plantation types have not been widely investigated. To address this, we analyzed soil bacterial and fungal community structures, diversity, and microbial and soil environmental factors in Caragana korshinskii Kom., Populus tomentosa Carr., Populus simonii Carr., Salix matsudana Koidz, and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. forests. There were no significant differences in the dominant bacterial community compositions among the five forest types. The alpha diversity of the bacteria and fungi communities showed that ACE (abundance-based coverage estimator), Chao1, and Shannon indices in C. korshinskii forest were significantly higher than those in the other four forest types (P<0.05). Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and urease had a greater impact on bacterial community composition, while total nitrogen, β-glucosidase, and urease had a greater impact on fungal community composition. The relative abundance of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms was similar across all forest types. Based on microbial community composition, diversity, and soil fertility, we ranked the plantations from most to least suitable as follows: C. korshinskii, S. matsudana, P. tabulaeformis, P. tomentosa, and P. simonii.

Key words： microbial community composition      artificial forest      bacteria      fungi      diversity      sandy-hilly region     
Received: 09 October 2022      Published: 31 January 2023
Corresponding Authors: *WANG Guohua (E-mail: gimi123@126.com)
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GOU Qianqian
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GOU Qianqian, MA Gailing, QU Jianjun, WANG Guohua. Diversity of soil bacteria and fungi communities in artificial forests of the sandy-hilly region of Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(1): 109-126.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0003-x     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I1/109

Indicator CK
(Artemisia dalailamae)		 Caragana korshinskii Populus tomentosa Populus
simonii		 Salix
matsudana 		Pinus tabuliformis
Plant height (m) 0.42±0.02d 2.21±0.03d 5.67±0.50c 7.12±0.25b 5.50±0.60c 12.33±0.33a
Crown breadth (m) 0.21±0.02c 3.10±0.33b 2.43±0.04b 3.18±0.54b 2.33±0.10b 5.17±0.55a
Stem diameter (cm) 0.40±0.01c 2.86±0.07b 13.78±0.40a 16.89±1.93a 16.00±1.07a 16.33±0.88a
Table 1 Morphological characteristics of dominant plant species
Type Indicator Determination method
Soil physical property Soil water STEPS soil five-parameter analyzer (COMBI 5000, Berlin, Germany)
Organic matter Potassium dichromate oxidation-oil bath heating method (Xi et al., 2015)
Soil chemical properties Total nitrogen Semi-micro Kjeldahl method
Total phosphorus Sodium hydroxide alkali melting-molybdenum antimony anti- olorimetric method
Glucosidase Colorimetric method of nitrophenol (Xu et al., 2018)
Soil biological properties Alkaline phosphatase Colorimetric method of phenyl disodium phosphate (Liu et al., 2019)
Urease Sodium phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method
Soil microorganism Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was conducted by Beijing Baimaike Biological Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
Table 2 Determination methods used for various soil indices
Fig. 1 Relative abundances of dominant bacteria (a and c) and fungi (b and d) at the phylum and class levels. CK, control; Cko, Caragana korshinskii; Pto, Populus tomentosa; Psi, Populus simonii; Sma, Salix matsudana; Pta, Pinus tabulaefolia. The abbreviations are the same as in the following figures.
Commu-nity OTU Classification Relative abundances (%)
CK Caragana korshinskii Populus tomentosa Populus simonii Salix
matsudana 		Pinus tabulaefolia
1 Sphingomonadaceae 14.3±2.5a 9.3±1.2ab 11.9±2.4ab 5.7±1.4b 6.1±1.1b 7.0±1.6b
2 Uncultured_c_subgroup_6 9.5±0.4ab 10.1±0.3a 8.1±0.4c 10.0±0.2ab 9.1±0.2b 6.4±0.1d
3 Gemmatimonadaceae 8.3±0.5bc 8.9±0.4ab 6.4±0.5c 7.1±0.4bc 7.9±0.8bc 10.4±1.4a
Bacteria 4 Pyrinomonadaceae 4.8±0.3ab 4.6±0.3ab 6.1±0.9a 4.8±0.6ab 4.3±0.5ab 4.7±0.5ab
5 Nitrosomonadaceae 2.6±0.4ab 3.9±0.2a 2.4±0.5b 3.4±0.5ab 3.3±0.5ab 3.4±0.5ab
6 Uncultured_o_IMCC26256 2.3±0.2cd 2.6±0.0bc 1.8±0.1d 2.2±0.1cd 3.3±0.4a 2.1±0.0cd
7 Uncultured_c_KD4-96 1.6±0.1c 2.3±0.1bc 2.9±0.5ab 4.1±0.5a 2.6±0.2bc 4.1±0.0a
1 Inocybaceae 3.8±2.1bc 17.1±9.4b 11.6±3.5bc 19.4±1.8b 12.3±3.0bc 39.8±4.4a
2 Cortinariaceae 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0b 7.8±4.8ab 5.3±2.2ab 11.9±5.0a 0.0±0.0b
3 Mortierellaceae 14.9±6.6a 14.5±3.1a 0.7±0.2b 0.4±0.1b 2.3±0.6b 1.7±0.1b
Fungi 4 Chaetomiaceae 13.3±2.3a 12.1±3.0a 0.1±0.0b 0.1±0.0b 1.0±0.3b 0.5±0.1b
5 Thelephoraceae 0.2±0.1c 2.4±1.1c 3.0±0.8c 6.9±1.3b 3.2±0.6c 18.1±2.2a
6 Sordariaceae 0.0±0.0b 0.1±0.0b 2.3±1.5b 13.5±6.3a 4.9±3.1ab 0.0±0.0b
7 Nectriaceae 4.2±1.7ab 5.8±1.8a 0.2±0.1c 0.1±0.0c 1.0±0.3c 1.7±0.2bc
Table 3 Dominant families and relative abundances of soil bacterial and fungal communities in different artificial forests
Fig. 2 Relative abundances of dominant bacteria (a) and fungi (b) at the genus level
Fig. 3 Variations in ACE (abundance-based coverage estimator) (a and d), Chao1 (b and e), and Shannon (c and f) indices of the bacterial and fungal communities in different artificial forests. *, P<0.05 level; **, P<0.01 level.
Fig. 4 Beta diversity of soil bacterial (a) and fungal (b) communities in different artificial forests. Abe (all between) represents beta distance data of samples between all groups; Awi (all within) represents beta distance data of samples within all groups. In box-plot, the five lines from bottom to top represent the minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and the maximum, respectively.
Fig. 5 Changes in soil physical-chemical properties in different artificial forests. (a), soil moisture; (b), soil organic matter; (c), total nitrogen; (d), total phosphorus. Different lowercase and uppercase letters within the same soil depth indicate significant differences among different artificial forests at P<0.05 level.
Fig. 6 Changes in soil enzyme activities in different artificial forests. (a), β-glucosidase; (b), urease; (c), alkaline phosphatase. Different lowercase and uppercase letters within the same soil depth indicate significant differences among different artificial forests at P<0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Index ACE Chao1 Shannon Soil
moisture		 SOM TN TP β-
glucosidase		 ALP Urease
ACE 1.00
Chao1 0.99** 1.00
Shannon 0.72* 0.72* 1.00
Soil moisture -0.66 -0.75* -0.61 1.00
SOM 0.19 0.15 ‒0.38 0.22 1.00
TN -0.74* -0.78* -0.32 0.68* -0.24 1.00
TP -0.49 -0.55 -0.49 0.70* 0.39 0.22 1.00
β-glucosidase -0.65 -0.63 -0.20 0.29 -0.37 0.86** ‒0.14 1.00
ALP -0.26 -0.28 -0.17 0.23 0.18 -0.02 0.77** -0.29 1.00
Urease 0.65 0.55 0.41 0.10 0.47 -0.22 0.07 -0.51 0.05 1.00
Table 4 Correlations between bacterial community diversity indices and environmental factors
Index ACE Chao1 Shannon Soil moisture SOM TN TP β-glucosidase ALP Urease
ACE 1.00
Chao1 0.84** 1.00
Shannon 0.28 0.63 1.00
Soil moisture -0.59 -0.49 -0.08 1.00
SOM -0.06 0.08 0.40 0.22 1.00
TN -0.28 -0.23 -0.46 0.68* -0.24 1.00
TP -0.72* -0.78** -0.26 0.70* 0.39 0.22 1.00
β-glucosidase 0.11 -0.02 -0.61 0.29 -0.37 0.86** -0.14 1.00
ALP -0.76** -0.75* -0.34 0.23 0.18 -0.02 0.77** -0.29 1.00
Urease 0.09 0.46 0.83** 0.10 0.47 -0.22 0.07 -0.51 0.05 1.00
Table 5 Correlations between fungal community diversity indices and environmental factors
Fig. 7 RDA (redundant analysis) of dominant bacteria (a) and fungi (b) species composition and soil environmental factors. Black arrows denote dominant microbial species, and red arrows denote soil environmental factors. ALP, alkaline phosphatase. TP, total phosphorus; TN, total nitrogen.
Fig. 8 Dominant species of bacterial (a) and fungal (b) communities in different artificial forests. Different lowercase letters within the same bacterials or fugi indicate significant differences among different types of artificial forests at P<0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
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