Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin

doi:10.1007/s40333-022-0091-z

Journal of Arid Land

2022, Vol. 14

Issue (3): 341-355 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0091-z

Research article

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin

HUI Rong(

), TAN Huijuan, LI Xinrong, WANG bingyao

Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

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Abstract

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics. However, little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas. Here, we selected five sampling sites (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5) alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations, soil physical-chemical characteristics, and environmental variables in April 2019. The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions. The main salt ions present in the soil were Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl^-. Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass (SMB) were significantly affected by the salinity (P<0.05). Moreover, soil salt ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, and HCO₃^-) were positively correlated with electrical conductivity (EC) and soil water content (SWC), but negatively related to altitude and soil depth. Unlike soil salt ions, soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude, but negatively related to EC and SWC. Moreover, soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions. In conclusion, soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity, and were related to altitude, soil depth, and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment. These results imply that the soil quality (mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics) is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake. Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions, soil nutrients, and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient. The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution, soil nutrients, and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.

Key words： salinization soil salt ions soil physical-chemical characteristics soil microbial biomass soil nutrient Qarhan Salt Lake

Received: 13 April 2021 Published: 31 March 2022

Corresponding Authors: *HUI Rong (E-mail: huirong850623@163.com)

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Cite this article:

HUI Rong, TAN Huijuan, LI Xinrong, WANG bingyao. Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake, Qaidam Basin. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(3): 341-355.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0091-z OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I3/341

Fig. 1 Overview of the study area and sample sites. DEM, digital elevation model.

Table 1 General characteristics of the five sampling sites

Table 2 Soil water content (SWC), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) at different soil depths in the five sampling sites

SOC (g/kg)
Soil depth (cm)	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
0-5	8.563±0.340^c	8.588±0.551^c	9.885±0.401^c	12.258±0.594^b	13.832±0.288^a
5-10	8.402±0.250^d	8.350±0.498^d	9.543±0.160^c	11.526±0.349^b	12.847±0.335^a
10-20	8.325±0.172^b	8.293±0.109^b	8.579±0.200^b	9.605±0.320^a	9.825±0.287^a
20-40	5.766±0.228^d	6.094±0.328^cd	6.843±0.173^c	8.564±0.161^b	9.813±0.285^a
40-60	5.211±0.120^c	5.232±0.131^c	6.002±0.133^b	7.640±0.155^a	7.911±0.265^a
60-80	4.933±0.063^c	4.807±0.482^c	6.074±0.241^b	6.536±0.079^ab	7.226±0.196^a
80-100	4.296±0.093^c	4.196±0.148^c	5.877±0.226^b	6.168±0.092^b	6.866±0.103^a
TN (g/kg)
Soil depth	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
0-5	0.306±0.029^c	0.309±0.025^c	0.448±0.012^b	0.483±0.023^b	0.660±0.032^a
5-10	0.303±0.013^c	0.308±0.020^c	0.434±0.008^b	0.451±0.011^b	0.535±0.012^a
10-20	0.302±0.011^c	0.305±0.011^c	0.420±0.008^b	0452±0.012^b	0.511±0.010^a
20-40	0.172±0.009^d	0.177±0.014^d	0.238±0.009^c	0.369±0.017^b	0.445±0.011^a
40-60	0.136±0.011^d	0.138±0.011^d	0.174±0.011^c	0.305±0.012^b	0.434±0.008^a
60-80	0.138±0.008^d	0.137±0.010^d	0.170±0.009^c	0.242±0.005^b	0.405±0.012^a
80-100	0.102±0.007^c	0.105±0.007^c	0.117±0.008^c	0.216±0.007^b	0.375±0.013^a
TP (g/kg)
Soil depth	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
0-5	0.319±0.012^d	0.322±0.016^d	0.373±0.016^c	0.471±0.012^b	0.531±0.011^a
5-10	0.307±0.019^c	0.306±0.007^c	0.320±0.010^bc	0.356±0.011^ab	0.369±0.016^a
10-20	0.245±0.010^c	0.248±0.012^c	0.293±0.012^b	0.338±0.010^a	0.362±0.012^a
20-40	0.232±0.012^c	0.229±0.014^c	0.304±0.006^b	0.339±0.008^a	0.346±0.013^a
40-60	0.211±0.008^c	0.215±0.016^c	0.265±0.013^b	0.311±0.009^a	0.314±0.009^a
60-80	0.193±0.016^c	0.195±0.010^c	0.242±0.008^b	0.264±0.014^ab	0.285±0.007^a
80-100	0.171±0.009^d	0.170±0.009^d	0.207±0.014^c	0.240±0.009^b	0.287±0.010^a
TK (g/kg)
Soil depth	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
0-5	2.871±0.121^c	2.892±0.104^c	3.371±0.087^b	3.682±0.171^b	4.729±0.101^a
5-10	2.774±0.099^d	2.787±0.109^d	3.161±0.050^c	3.457±0.109^b	4.590±0.058^a
10-20	2.628±0.146^c	2.626±0.157^c	3.114±0.139^b	3.418±0.070^b	4.515±0.081^a
20-40	2.586±0.105^d	2.618±0.112^d	3.045±0.139^c	3.405±0.091^b	4.495±0.069^a
40-60	2.572±0.119^d	2.624±0.079^cd	2.946±0.163^bc	3.252±0.125^b	4.478±0.028^a
60-80	2.555±0.031^c	2.559±0.115^c	2.779±0.099^c	3.069±0.081^b	4.447±0.093^a
80-100	2.527±0.043^c	2.524±0.097^c	2.718±0.133^bc	2.994±0.127^b	4.438±0.086^a

Table 3 Soil nutrient contents at different soil depths in the five sampling sites

Fig. 2 Soil salt ions concentrations at different soil depths in the five sampling sites. S1-S5 are the five sampling sites. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among five sampling sites at same soil depth (P<0.05). Bars mean standard deviation. (a), Na⁺ concentration; (b), K⁺ concentration; (c), Ca²⁺ concentration; (d), Mg²⁺ concentration; (e), Cl^- concentration; (f), CO₃^2- concentration; (g), SO₄^2- concentration; (h), HCO₃^- concentration.
Soil salt ions concentrations at different soil depths in the five sampling sites. S1-S5 are the five sampling sites. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among five sampling sites at same soil depth (P<0.05). Bars mean standard deviation. (a), Na⁺ concentration; (b), K⁺ concentration; (c), Ca²⁺ concentration; (d), Mg²⁺ concentration; (e), Cl^- concentration; (f), CO3^2- concentration; (g), SO4^2- concentration; (h), HCO3^- concentration.

Fig. 3 Soil microbial biomass concentrations at different soil depths in the five sampling sites. S1-S5 are the five sampling sites. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among five sampling sites at same soil depth (P<0.05). Bars mean standard deviation. (a), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) concentration; (b), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) concentration; (c), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) concentration.

Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of environmental variables and soil physical-chemical properties. (a), the constraint ordination of the site samples, environmental variables, and soil physical-chemical proprieties (soil salt ion concentrations, soil nutrient contents, and soil microbial biomass (SMB)); (b), the constraint ordination of the site samples, soil salt ion concentrations, and soil nutrient contents. Red arrows indicate environmental factors (a) and soil salt ions (b), and blue arrows are soil physical-chemical proprieties (a) and soil nutrient contents (b). S1-S5 are the five sampling sites. EC, electrical conductivity; MBC, microbial biomass carbon; MBN, microbial biomass nitrogen; MBP, microbial biomass phosphorus; SOC, soil organic carbon; SWC, soil water content; TK, total potassium; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorus.

Table 4 Permutation test results for the redundancy analysis (RDA) axes


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