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Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (2): 115-138    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0059-z
Research article     
Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services
LI Feng1,2,3, LI Yaoming1,2,3, ZHOU Xuewen4, YIN Zun5, LIU Tie1,2,3, XIN Qinchuan1,2,3,*()
1State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
2Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
5Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08542, USA
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Abstract  

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas. As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time, uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas. Taking a typical arid region in China, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, as an example, water yield depth (WYD) and water utilization depth (WUD) from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model and socioeconomic data. The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference (WSDD) and water supply rate (WSR). The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method. The results show that the supply- demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit, but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation. WYD generally experienced an increasing trend, and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin. WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%, especially in oasis areas. Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased. The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang, and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×108 m3. This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services, which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation. The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.



Key wordsecosystem services      water resources      climate change      human activities      arid and semi-arid areas      InVEST model      Xinjiang     
Received: 23 November 2021      Published: 28 February 2022
Corresponding Authors: *XIN Qinchuan (E-mail: xinqinchuan@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
Cite this article:

LI Feng, LI Yaoming, ZHOU Xuewen, YIN Zun, LIU Tie, XIN Qinchuan. Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(2): 115-138.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0059-z     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I2/115

Fig. 1 Digital elevation model (DEM) and rivers in Xinjiang (a) and land cover types and main cities in Xinjiang (b). Note that the figures are based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified. Altay, Tacheng, Karamay, Shihezi, Changji, Urumqi, Turpan, Hami, Bole, Yining, Korla, Aksu, Kashgar, Artux, and Hotan are the capitals of Altay Prefecture, Tacheng Prefecture, Karamay City, Shihezi City, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Urumqi City, Turpan City, Hami Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Bayangol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Aksu Prefecture, Kashgar Prefecture, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, and Hotan Prefecture, respectively.
Data type Data source Unit Reference/Website
Administrative divisions vector borders National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information - https://www.webmap.cn/main.do?method=index
Land cover data European Space Agency - https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/satellite-land-cover?tab=doc
Precipitation data TRMM 3B43 V7 mm https://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?keywords=trmm3b43&page=1
GRACE gravity satellite data German Research Center for Geosciences cm https://isdc.gfz-potsdam.de/grace-isdc/grace-gravity-data-and-documentation/
Soil texture data Resources and Environmental Science Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences % http://www.resdc.cn
Soil organic carbon data Harmonized World Soil Database Version 1.1 in National Tibetan Plateau Data Center % https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/search_index/?q=HWSD
Maximum buried depth of the root Canadell et al. (1996); Zeng (2001) mm Canadell et al. (1996); Zeng (2001)
Potential evapotranspiration CRU TS4.04 mm https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/
Biophysical parameter table The InVEST model document - https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/
Runoff Measured data of Hydrological Station m3
DEM Resources and Environmental Science Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences m http://www.resdc.cn
Irrigated cropland maps European Space Agency - https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/satellite-land-cover?tab=doc
Spatial distribution of GDP Resources and Environmental Science Data Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences ×104 CNY/
km2
http://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=252
Population density Landscan person/km2 https://www.satpalda.com/landscan
Agricultural comprehensive water utilization depth Xinjiang Water Resources Bulletin m3/m2 Water Resources Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2002-2018)
Water utilization depth per 10,000 CNY of industrial value Xinjiang Water Resources Bulletin m3 per 10,000
CNY
Water Resources Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2002-2018)
Domestic water depth per capita Xinjiang Water Resources Bulletin m3/capita Water Resources Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2002-2018)
Actual water supply volume of each city Xinjiang Water Resources Bulletin m3 Water Resources Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2002-2018)
Ecological water utilization volume Xinjiang Water Resources Bulletin m3 Water Resources Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2002-2018)
Table 1 Details of the used data
Fig. 2 Mean relative bias error between observed runoff data and modeled results without considering glacial meltwater (red violin boxes) and with considering glacial meltwater (blue violin boxes). The hollow white dots represent the median. The upper and lower horizontal lines represent the maximum and minimum values, respectively. The bottom and top lines of the box represent the 25.00% and 75.00% quartiles, respectively. The width of the violin represents the frequency of the data.
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of water yield depth (WYD) in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a1-a5) and the corresponding cold and hot spot analysis results from 2002 to 2018 (b1-b5). Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 4 Temporal analysis on averaged WYD in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a) and the Sen trend analysis and Mann-Kendall (MK) test of WYD in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang. tianditu.gov.cn/ main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of water utilization depth (WUD) in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a1-a5) and the corresponding cold and hot spot analysis results from 2002 to 2018 (b1-b5). Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 6 Temporal analysis on averaged WUD in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a) and the Sen trend analysis and MK test of WUD in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu. gov.cn/main/ bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the base map has not been modified.
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of water supply rate (WSR) in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a1-a5) and the corresponding cold and hot spot analysis results from 2002 to 2018 (b1-b5). Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 8 Temporal analysis on averaged WSR in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a) and the Sen trend analysis and MK test of WSR in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (b). Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang. tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 9 Spatial distribution of water supply-demand difference (WSDD) in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a1-a5) and the corresponding cold and hot spot analysis results (b1-b5). Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 10 Temporal analysis on averaged WSDD in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (a) and the Sen trend analysis and MK analysis of WSDD in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (b). Note that the figure is based on the standard map (新S(2021)023) of the Map Service System (https://xinjiang.tianditu.gov.cn/main/bzdt.html) marked by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services, and the standard map has not been modified.
Fig. 11 Contributions of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), and land cover to WYD (a), contribution of irrigated WUD (WUDirr), industrial WUD (WUDind), domestic WUD (WUDdom), and ecological WUD (WUDeco) to the total WUD (b), and changes in precipitation (c) and PET (d) in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018
2002 2018
NF BF MF Shrubland Grassland Water body Cropland Urban land Ice and snow Bare land Total
NF 398.00 0.00 13.90 0.06 83.60 27.00 0.04 0.00 1.28 0.00 524.00
BF 0.43 17.30 19.70 1.53 67.40 0.00 1.79 0.00 0.93 0.00 109.00
MF 149.00# 0.34 620.00 0.98 404.00# 6.24 1.77 0.00 1.10 0.01 1183.00
Shrubland 0.16 0.42 0.07 187.00 99.50 0.44 7.21 0.00 46.20 56.80 398.00
Grassland 203.00# 6.15 101.00# 115.00# 339,804.00 392.00# 26,055.00# 90.70 61.70 7479.00# 374,309.00
Water body 22.10 0.00 3.47 0.12 243.00# 5756.00 16.10 0.03 32.80 288.00# 6363.00
Cropland 0.00 0.02 0.19 0.33 3243.00# 14.30 42,997.00 55.80 1.00 14.80 46,327.00
Urban land 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.60 0.19 81.80 2389.00 0.01 5.64 2540.00
Ice and snow 0.03 0.01 0.00 2.58 55.30 4.30 1.37 0.00 11,372.00 1752.00# 13,188.00
Bare land 0.00 0.00 0.00 344.00# 40,470.00# 619.00# 2378.00# 12.70 9075.00# 1,141,048.00 1,193,948.00
Total 773.00 24.20 759.00 651.00 384,534.00 6821.00 71,541.00 2548.00 20,593.00 1,150,645.00 1,638,888.00
Table 2 Land cover transfer matrix in Xinjiang from 2002 to 2018 (unit: km2)
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