Please wait a minute...
Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (3): 359-376    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0006-7     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0006-7
Research article     
Soil microbial community diversity and distribution characteristics under three vegetation types in the Qilian Mountains, China
TONG Shan1,2,3, CAO Guangchao2,3,*(), ZHANG Zhuo1,2,3, ZHANG Jinhu1,2,3, YAN Xin1,2,3
1Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation (Ministry of Education), Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
2Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
3Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province and Beijing Normal University, Xining 810008, China
Download: HTML     PDF(5916KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

Qilian Mountains in Northwest China is a significant ecological security barrier due to its distinctive geographic setting, which has significant biological resource and gene pool. In order to assess the soil quality and ecosystem health in this area, we identified the structural characteristics and functional groups of soil microbial communities. This study focused on Amidongsuo, a typical watershed of the Qilian Mountains, and researched the vertical distribution and dominant populations of soil microorganisms in different habitats, and the relationship between soil microorganisms and environmental factors. Soil microorganisms from three grassland plots, five shrubland plots, and five forest plots in Amidongsuo were studied using high-throughput sequencing. The Venn diagram showed that the types of bacteria were fewer than those of fungi in Amidongsuo. Soil bacteria Acidobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Methylomirabilota as well as fungi Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota played dominant roles in Amidongsuo, according to the LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size) and community structure analyses. According to the ANOSIM (analysis of similarities) result, for both bacteria and fungi, R values of grassland and shrubland were small (R2=0.045 and R2=0.256, respectively), indicating little difference between these two ecosystems. RDA (redundancy analysis) showed a closer relationship between soil nutrients and fungi, and a gradually decreasing correlation between soil nutrients and microorganisms with increasing soil depth. Bacteria were mainly affected by pH, nitrogen (N), and potassium (K), while fungi were mainly affected by K. Overall, fungi had more effect on soil quality than bacteria. Therefore, adjustment of soil K content might improve the soil environment of Amidongsuo in the Qilian Mountains.

Key words： fungi      bacteria      diversity      soil nutrient      Qilian Mountains     
Received: 30 June 2022      Published: 31 March 2023
Corresponding Authors: * CAO Guangchao (E-mail: caoguangchao@qhnu.edu.cn)
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
TONG Shan
CAO Guangchao
ZHANG Zhuo
ZHANG Jinhu
YAN Xin
Cite this article:

TONG Shan, CAO Guangchao, ZHANG Zhuo, ZHANG Jinhu, YAN Xin. Soil microbial community diversity and distribution characteristics under three vegetation types in the Qilian Mountains, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(3): 359-376.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0006-7     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I3/359

Fig. 1 Sample points in the Amidongsuo watershed, Qilian Mountains, China. Grassland plots: CD1, CD2, and CD3; shrubland plots: GC1, GC2, GC3, GC4, and GC5; forest plots: LD1, LD2, LD3, LD4, and LD5.
Ecological
system		 Code Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) Slope (°) Aspect (°) Vegetation coverage (%)
Grassland CD1 38°05′08″N 100°19′08″E 2928 3.0 53 93
Grassland CD2 38°04′04″N 100°18′14″E 3043 11.0 76 87
Grassland CD3 38°03′46″N 100°16′33″E 3187 14.5 70 76
Forest LD1 38°04′55″N 100°19′04″E 2980 30.5 328 72
Forest LD2 38°04′55″N 100°19′08″E 3018 32.0 330 68
Forest LD3 38°04′51″N 100°18′57″E 2958 35.5 345 57
Forest LD4 38°03′39″N 100°16′33″E 3208 23.5 22 51
Forest LD5 38°04′01″N 100°18′03″E 3078 18.5 29 56
Shrubland GC1 38°05′02″N 100°19′04″E 2929 7.5 47 60
Shrubland GC2 38°04′04″N 100°18′10″E 3041 2.0 46 58
Shrubland GC3 38°03′46″N 100°16′33″E 3187 14.0 62 67
Shrubland GC4 38°03′57″N 100°15′07″E 3064 17.5 67 46
Shrubland GC5 38°03′57″N 100°14′24″E 3530 20.5 51 49
Table 1 Sample information in this study
Ecological systems Soil nutrient Min (g/kg) Max (g/kg) Mean (g/kg) SD
(g/kg)		 Variance Skewness Kurtosis CV (%)
Grassland TN 4.65 9.69 6.75 2.02 4.09 0.46 -1.63 29.96
TP 1.31 2.53 1.92 0.39 0.16 0.01 -0.83 20.54
TK 20.45 24.37 22.13 1.17 1.38 0.74 0.50 5.31
SOM 111.12 213.70 157.81 31.83 1013.04 0.24 -0.25 20.17
pH 6.60 8.10 7.24 0.55 0.30 0.67 -1.34 7.56
Shrubland TN 1.00 11.99 5.46 3.58 12.80 0.57 -1.10 65.48
TP 1.16 2.38 1.61 0.37 0.13 0.74 -0.39 22.72
TK 17.67 25.29 21.45 2.09 4.35 -0.25 -0.32 9.72
SOM 24.90 205.87 118.54 61.49 3781.13 0.10 -1.44 51.87
pH 6.54 8.26 7.33 0.57 0.33 0.40 -1.60 7.79
Forest TN 1.08 7.28 3.44 1.39 1.93 1.30 3.86 40.37
TP 1.17 1.91 1.49 0.23 0.05 0.52 -1.00 15.40
TK 17.85 21.96 20.15 1.09 1.20 -0.44 0.09 5.43
SOM 24.22 172.12 88.43 34.31 1177.42 0.53 1.87 38.80
pH 6.39 7.96 7.15 0.48 0.23 0.01 -1.11 6.65
Table 2 Soil nutrient characteristics in the study area
Fig. 2 Physical-chemical characteristics of soil in different ecosystems. Different uppercase letters within the same ecosystem indicate significant differences among different soil layers at P<0.05 level; different lowercase letters within the same soil layer indicate significant differences among different ecosystems at P<0.05 level. CD, grassland; GC, shrubland; LD, forest; TK, total potassium; TN, total nitrogen; SOM, soil organic matter; TP, total phosphorus. The abbreviations are the same in the following figures. (a), pH; (b), TK; (c), TN; (d), SOM; (e), TP. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 3 Dilution curves of soil microbial samples. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi. OTUs, operational taxonomic units
Fig. 4 Venn diagram of OTUs (operational taxonomic units). (a), bacteria; (b), fungi.
Fig. 5 Community characteristics of different ecosystems at the phylum level. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi.
Fig. 6 LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size) diagram. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi.
Fig. 7 LDA (linear discriminant analysis) discriminant results. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi.
Ecological systems Soil layer (m) ACE Chao1 Shannon Simpson
Grassland 0-10 848.87±16.42a 860.46±19.15a 8.26±0.03a 0.99±0.00a
10-20 878.71±8.89a 896.87±9.72a 8.24±0.09a 0.99±0.00a
20-30 871.36±13.03a 891.86±14.21a 8.21±0.07a 0.99±0.00a
Shrubland 0-10 865.72±16.99a 874.30±16.69a 8.32±0.03a 0.99±0.00a
10-20 862.82±17.68a 868.80±19.62a 8.24±0.06ab 0.99±0.00a
20-30 865.69±12.19a 877.63±9.56a 8.11±0.03b 0.99±0.00a
Forest 0-10 806.85±51.89a 818.34±53.11a 8.13±0.11a 0.99±0.00a
10-20 827.86±50.60a 851.80±47.64a 8.17±0.09a 0.99±0.00a
20-30 814.32±36.01a 832.69±37.94a 7.90±0.08a 0.99±0.00a
Table 3 Alpha diversity index of bacteria in different ecosystems
Ecological systems Soil layer (cm) ACE Chao1 Shannon Simpson
Grassland 0-10 563.03±35.14a 569.07±32.27a 5.60±0.56a 0.94±0.03a
10-20 532.40±47.18a 542.06±55.10a 5.43±1.04a 0.85±0.11a
20-30 576.54±52.63a 582.42±52.11a 6.22±0.76a 0.94±0.04a
Shrubland 0-10 566.65±39.65a 570.91±38.30a 5.49±0.44a 0.92±0.03a
10-20 554.05±28.73a 559.62±27.26a 5.33±0.40a 0.92±0.02a
20-30 541.54±43.03a 548.26±45.57a 4.96±0.48a 0.86±0.03a
Forest 0-10 395.9±52.24a 390.96±49.98a 3.73±0.55a 0.77±0.09a
10-20 404.26±38.15a 403.06±37.07a 3.98±0.67a 0.78±0.11a
20-30 327.51±18.77a 327.25±20.63a 3.96±0.57a 0.81±0.07a
Table 4 Alpha diversity index of fungi in different ecosystems
Fig. 8 ANOSIM (analysis of similarities) of the soil microbial community. (a1-a4), bacteria; (b1-b4), fungi. In Figure 8, boxes indicate the IQR (interquartile range, 75th to 25th of the data). The median value is shown as a line within the box. Whiskers extend to the most extreme value within 1.5×IQR. Outlier is shown as circle.
Fig. 9 RDA (redundancy analysis) of soil nutrients and microorganisms at the phylum level. (a), (c), and (e) are the RDA of bacteria and soil nutrients; (b), (d), and (f) are the RDA of fungi and soil nutrients; (a) and (b), 0-10 cm soil layer; (c) and (d), 10-20 cm soil layer; (e) and (f), 20-30 cm soil layer.
Ecological systems Bacteria ACE Chao1 Shannon Simpson
Grassland TN -0.73* -0.73* 0.34 0.72*
TP -0.80* -0.79* 0.11 0.46
TK -0.38 -0.31 0.09 0.45
SOM -0.37 -0.41 0.26 0.48
pH 0.82** 0.77* -0.10 -0.53
Shrubland TN 0.01 -0.04 0.31 0.26
TP -0.05 -0.11 0.11 0.20
TK 0.46 0.46 0.08 -0.08
SOM 0.01 -0.07 0.12 0.11
pH 0.53* 0.52* 0.24 0.03
Forests TN -0.08 -0.14 0.22 0.47
TP -0.75** -0.76** -0.54* -0.06
TK 0.10 0.15 -0.19 -0.24
SOM -0.25 -0.28 0.12 0.50
pH -0.10 -0.04 -0.39 -0.44
Table 5 Correlation between bacterial diversity and soil nutrients
Ecological systems Fungi ACE Chao1 Shannon Simpson
Grassland TN -0.60 -0.56 -0.66 -0.42
TP -0.47 -0.44 -0.41 -0.20
TK -0.45 -0.41 -0.34 -0.12
SOM -0.48 -0.48 -0.56 -0.36
pH 0.73* 0.70* 0.60 0.38
Shrubland TN 0.04 0.02 -0.29 -0.25
TP -0.04 -0.04 -0.34 -0.41
TK 0.22 0.23 0.34 0.11
SOM 0.04 0.04 -0.40 -0.42
pH 0.46 0.44 0.72** 0.62*
Forest TN -0.05 -0.05 0.09 0.11
TP -0.00 -0.02 0.02 0.06
TK -0.18 -0.17 -0.29 -0.35
SOM -0.23 -0.24 0.02 0.05
pH 0.09 0.12 0.05 -0.15
Table 6 Correlation between fungal diversity and soil nutrients
Fig. 10 Differences in diversity value across different ecosystems. (a), bacteria; (b), fungi. Different uppercase letters within the same diversity index indicate significant differences among different ecosystems at P<0.05 level. ACE, abundance-based coverage estimator.
Soil nutrient ACE Chao1 Shannon Simpson
TN 0.33* 0.33* 0.11 0.13
TP 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.18
TK 0.34* 0.36* 0.36* 0.20
SOM 0.35* 0.35* 0.15 0.15
pH 0.20 0.21 0.42** 0.21
Table 7 Correlation between soil nutrients and fungal alpha diversity index
Soil nutrient ACE Chao1 Shannon Simpson
TN 0.10 0.06 0.37* 0.52**
TP -0.21 -0.23 0.04 0.36*
TK 0.27 0.28 0.17 0.23
SOM 0.05 0.01 0.28 0.47**
pH 0.17 0.19 -0.05 -0.14
Table 8 Correlation between soil nutrients and bacterial alpha diversity index
[1]   Cai M K, Han H R, Cheng X Q, et al. 2022. Characteristics of soil microbial community structure with different plantation ages in larch forest in Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi Province, northern China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 44(5): 86-93. (in Chinese)
[2]   Che R, Deng Y, Wang W, et al. 2018. Long-term warming rather than grazing significantly changed total and active soil procaryotic community structures. Geoderma, 316: 1-10.
doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.12.005
[3]   Chu H Y, Sun H B, Tripathi B M, et al. 2016. Bacterial community dissimilarity between the surface and subsurface soils equals horizontal differences over several kilometers in the western Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Microbiology, 18(5): 1523-1533.
doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13236 pmid: 26914676
[4]   Fierer N. 2017. Embracing the unknown: Disentangling the complexities of the soil microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 15: 579-590.
doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.87 pmid: 28824177
[5]   Gao J F. 2006. Plant Physiology Experiment Guide. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 210-217. (in Chinese)
[6]   Gu J K, Zeng F P, Song T Q, et al. 2022. Soil fungal community composition in the Mulun Karst evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest. Ecological Science, 41(3): 54-61. (in Chinese)
[7]   Guan X, Wang J, Zhao H, et al. 2013. Soil bacterial communities shaped by geochemical factors and land use in a less-explored area, Tibetan Plateau. BMC Genomics, 14(1): 820, doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-820.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-820
[8]   Guo Y. 2013. Long-term fertilization affects ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in acidic and in neutral paddy soils. MSc Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. (in Chinese)
[9]   Kan H M, Pang Z, Chen Z, et al. 2022. Changes in soil microbial communities following the vegetation restoration of degraded sandy grassland in Beijing. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 30(6): 1350-1358. (in Chinese)
[10]   Kang B T, Hou F J, Saman B. 2020. Characterization of soil bacterial communities in alpine and desert grasslands in the Qilian Mountainrange. Pratacultural Science, 37(1): 10-19.
[11]   Kang W L. 2013. Studies on microbial community structure and functional groups in alpine steppe soils of the Qilian Mountains. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Lanzhou Jiaotong University. (in Chinese)
[12]   Kim S, Li G, Han S H, et al. 2018. Thinning affects microbial biomass without changing enzyme activity in the soil of Pinus densiflora Sieb.et Zucc. forests after 7 years. Annals of Forest Science, 75: 13, doi: 10.1007/s13595-018-0690-1.
doi: 10.1007/s13595-018-0690-1
[13]   Li Q, Song X, Gu H, et al. 2016. Nitrogen deposition and management practices increase soil microbial biomass carbon but decrease diversity in Mosobamboo plantations. Scientific Reports, 6: 28235, doi: 10.1038/srep28235.
doi: 10.1038/srep28235
[14]   Li Y H, Yao T, Zhang J G, et al. 2018. Relationship between soil bacterial community and environmental factors in the degraded alpine grassland of eastern Qilian Mountains, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 29(11): 3793-3801. (in Chinese)
[15]   Liu J, Kong W, Zhang G, et al. 2016. Diversity and succession of autotrophic microbial community in high-elevation soils along deglaciation chronosequence. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 92(10): fiw160, doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw160.
doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw160
[16]   Liu J, Sui Y, Yu Z, et al. 2016. Diversity and distribution patterns of acidobacterial communities in the black soil zone of northeast China. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 95: 212-222.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.021
[17]   Liu P, Li M J. 2007. Plant Physiology Experiment Technique. Beijing: Science Press, 132-140. (in Chinese)
[18]   Liu Z W, Duan E J, Gao W J, et al. 2008. Effects of leaf litter replacement on soil biological and chemical characteristics in main artificial forests in Qinling Mountains. Chinese Joumal of Applied Ecology, 19(4): 704-710. (in Chinese)
[19]   Ma F R. 2009. Study on soil bacterial diversity of alpine meadow in the eastern Qilian Mountains. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
[20]   Ma Y, Yang J, Zhang D G, et al. 2020. Effects of alpine meadow degradation on soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization rate in the Qilian Mountains. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40(8): 2680-2690.
[21]   Martinez-Garcia L B, Richardson S J, Tylianakis J M, et al. 2015. Host identity is a dominant driver of mycorrhizal fungal community composition during ecosystem development. New Phytologist, 205(4): 1565-1576.
doi: 10.1111/nph.2015.205.issue-4
[22]   Morris S A, Radajewski S, Willison T W, et al. 2002. Identification of the functionally active methanotroph population in a peat soil microcosm by stable-isotope probing. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(3): 1446-1453.
doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.3.1446-1453.2002 pmid: 11872500
[23]   Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini M T, et al. 2017. Microbial diversity and soil functions. European Journal of Soil Science, 68(1): 12-26.
doi: 10.1111/ejss.2017.68.issue-1
[24]   Nayyar A, Hamel C, Lafond G, et al. 2009. Soil microbial quality associated with yield reduction in continuous-pea. Applied Soil Ecology, 43(1): 115-121.
doi: 10.1016/j.apsoil.2009.06.008
[25]   Pan H Q, Zhang T Y, Huang Y H, et al. 2009. Diversity and niche of soil moniliaceous hyphomycetes in Taibai Mountain. Chinese Joumal of Applied Ecology, 20(2): 363-369. (in Chinese)
[26]   Qiu X C, Peng D L, Wang H B, et al. 2019. Minimum data set for evaluation of stand density effects on soil quality in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations in North China. Ecological Indicators, 103: 236-247.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.010
[27]   Ren C, Zhao F, Kang D, et al. 2016. Linkages of C:N:P stoichiometry and bacterial community in soil following afforestation of former farmland. Forest Ecology and Management, 376: 59-66.
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.004
[28]   Reynolds H L, Packer A, Bever J D, et al. 2003. Grassroots ecology: Plant-microbe-soil interactions as drivers of plant community structure and dynamics. Ecology, 84(9): 2281-2291.
doi: 10.1890/02-0298
[29]   Sang W, Zhao Y G, Zhang F H. 2020. Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic liquid fertilizer on soil microbial community structure diversity. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(11): 2584-2590. (in Chinese)
[30]   Sheng H Y, Zhang C P, Cao G M, et al. 2009. Effect of grazing on soil environment of alpine meadow dominated by Potentilla froticosa shrub on Qilian Mountain. Ecologv and Environmental Sciences, 18(3): 1088-1093.
[31]   Smith J L, Paul E A. 1990. The Significance of Soil Microbial Biomass Estimations. New York: Marcel Dekker, 357-396.
[32]   Sul W J, Asuming B S, Wang Q, et al. 2013. Tropical agricultural land management influences on soil microbial communities through its effect on soil organic carbon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 65(5): 33-38.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.05.007
[33]   Wan S, Zheng C, Chen Y, et al. 2015. Interactive effects of understory removal and fertilization on soil respiration in subtropical Eucalyptus plantations. Journal of Plant Ecology, 8(3): 284-290.
doi: 10.1093/jpe/rtu013
[34]   Wang G R. 2006. The seasonal dynamics and ecological distribution of alpine shrubs soil microorganism in eastern Qilian Mountain. MSc Thesis. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
[35]   Wang N N, Chen Y, Ying J J, et al. 2014. Effects of typical plant on soil microbial communities in an Inner Mongolia grassland. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 38(2): 201-208.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1258.2013.00037
[36]   Wang W X, Li X W, Huang W G, et al. 2020. Correlations between the composition and diversity of bacterial communities and ecological factors in the rhizosphere of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40(23): 8660-8671.
[37]   Wardle D A, Walker L R, Bardgett R D. 2004. Ecosystem properties and forest decline in contrasting long-term chronosequences. Science, 305(5683): 509-513.
doi: 10.1126/science.1098778 pmid: 15205475
[38]   Wu J G, Ai L. 2008. Soil microbial activity and biomass C and N content in three typical ecosystems in Qilian Mountains, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 32(2): 465-476. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2008.02.026
[39]   Wu J N, Liu Y X, Zhou X, et al. 2018. Effects of long-term different fertilization on soil fungal communities in black soil based on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 58(9): 1658-1671.
[40]   Xiang S R, Doyle A, Holden P A, et al. 2008. Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(9): 2281-2289.
doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.05.004
[41]   Yang B, Pang X, Hu B, et al. 2017. Does thinning-induced gap size result in altered soil microbial community in pine plantation in eastern Tibetan Plateau? Ecology and Evolution, 7(9): 2986-2993.
doi: 10.1002/ece3.2714 pmid: 28479998
[42]   Yang J L, Fu X L, Ma Z Q, et al. 2015. Characteristics of soil microbial community in five forest types in mid-subtropical China. Research of Environmental Sciences, 28(5): 720-727.
[43]   Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang S, et al. 2014. The microbial gene diversity along an elevation gradient of the Tibetan grassland. The ISME Journal, 8(2): 430-440.
doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.146
[44]   Yelle D J, Ralph J, Lu F C, et al. 2008. Evidence for cleavage of lignin by a brown rot basidiomycete. Environmental Microbiology, 10(7): 1844-1849.
doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01605.x pmid: 18363712
[45]   Yuan J. 2019. Study on the capacity and potential of soil carbon storage and soil water storage in Heihe River source area of Qilian Mountain. PhD Dissertation. Qinghai: Qinghai Normal University. (in Chinese)
[46]   Yuan Y L, Si G C, Wang J, et al. 2014. Bacterial community in alpine grasslands along altitudinal gradient on the Tibetan Plateau. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 87: 121-132.
doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12197
[47]   Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wang Z, et al. 2016. Vegetation dynamics and its driving forces from climate change and human activities in the Three-River Source Region, China from 1982 to 2012. Science of the Total Environment, 563-564: 210-220.
[48]   Zhang Y G, Su X J, Cong J, et al. 2014. Variation of soil microbial community along elevation in the Shennongjia Mountain. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 50(9): 161-166.
[49]   Zhao L F, Hu W, Liu X F, et al. 2013. Effects of bio-organic fertilizer on biodiversity in rhizosphere soil of banana. Journal of South China Agricultural University, 34(2): 144-148. (in Chinese)
[50]   Zhao W, Yin Y L, Li S X, et al. 2021. The characteristics of bacterial communities in different vegetation types in the Qilian Mountains. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 30(12): 161-171. (in Chinese)
[51]   Zhu B, Ni J, Gao L, et al. 2018. Study on simultaneous determination of total phosphorus and total potassium in soil. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 46(15): 110-111. (in Chinese)
[52]   Zhu P, Chen R S, Song Y X, et al. 2017. Soil bacterial community composition and diversity of four representative vegetation types in the middle section of the Qilian Mountains, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(10): 3505-3514.
[1] Mohammed SOUDDI, Haroun CHENCHOUNI, M'hammed BOUALLALA. Thriving green havens in baking deserts: Plant diversity and species composition of urban plantations in the Sahara Desert[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(9): 1270-1287.
[2] Asmaa S ABO HATAB, Yassin M AL-SODANY, Kamal H SHALTOUT, Soliman A HAROUN, Mohamed M EL-KHALAFY. Assessment of plant diversity of endemic species of the Saharo-Arabian region in Egypt[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(7): 1000-1021.
[3] DU Lan, TIAN Shengchuan, ZHAO Nan, ZHANG Bin, MU Xiaohan, TANG Lisong, ZHENG Xinjun, LI Yan. Climate and topography regulate the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure in Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(7): 925-942.
[4] ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Yuanming, ZHANG Qi. Host plant traits play a crucial role in shaping the composition of epiphytic microbiota in the arid desert, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(5): 699-724.
[5] ZHANG Jian, GUO Xiaoqun, SHAN Yujie, LU Xin, CAO Jianjun. Effects of land-use patterns on soil microbial diversity and composition in the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(3): 415-430.
[6] YE He, HONG Mei, XU Xuehui, LIANG Zhiwei, JIANG Na, TU Nare, WU Zhendan. Responses of plant diversity and soil microorganism diversity to nitrogen addition in the desert steppe, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(3): 447-459.
[7] LIU Yufang, YANG Qingwen, PEI Xiangjun, LI Jingji, WANG Shuangcheng, HUANG Zhenfu, HAN Wei, ZHENG Tianliang. Spatial distribution of soil salinization under the influence of human activities in arid areas, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(10): 1344-1364.
[8] SUN Lin, YU Zhouchang, TIAN Xingfang, ZHANG Ying, SHI Jiayi, FU Rong, LIANG Yujie, ZHANG Wei. Leguminosae plants play a key role in affecting soil physical-chemical and biological properties during grassland succession after farmland abandonment in the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(9): 1107-1128.
[9] M'hammed BOUALLALA, Souad NEFFAR, Lyès BRADAI, Haroun CHENCHOUNI. Do aeolian deposits and sand encroachment intensity shape patterns of vegetation diversity and plant functional traits in desert pavements?[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(6): 667-694.
[10] GAO Xiang, WEN Ruiyang, Kevin LO, LI Jie, YAN An. Heterogeneity and non-linearity of ecosystem responses to climate change in the Qilian Mountains National Park, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 508-522.
[11] ZHANG Lihua, GAO Han, WANG Junfeng, ZHAO Ruifeng, WANG Mengmeng, HAO Lianyi, GUO Yafei, JIANG Xiaoyu, ZHONG Lingfei. Plant property regulates soil bacterial community structure under altered precipitation regimes in a semi-arid desert grassland, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 602-619.
[12] KUDURETI Ayijiamali, ZHAO Shuai, Dina ZHAKYP, TIAN Changyan. Responses of soil fauna community under changing environmental conditions[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 620-636.
[13] Mohammad Hossein TAGHIZADEH, Mohammad FARZAM, Jafar NABATI. Rhizobacteria facilitate physiological and biochemical drought tolerance of Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(2): 205-217.
[14] YANG Jingyi, LUO Weicheng, ZHAO Wenzhi, LIU Jiliang, WANG Dejin, LI Guang. Soil seed bank is affected by transferred soil thickness and properties in the reclaimed coal mine in the Qilian Mountains, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(12): 1529-1543.
[15] ZHAO Mengqi, SU Huan, HUANG Yin, Rashidin ABDUGHENI, MA Jinbiao, GAO Jiangtao, GUO Fei, LI Li. Plant growth-promoting properties and anti-fungal activity of endophytic bacterial strains isolated from Thymus altaicus and Salvia deserta in arid lands[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(11): 1405-1420.