Responses of soil fauna community under changing environmental conditions

doi:10.1007/s40333-023-0009-4

Journal of Arid Land

2023, Vol. 15

Issue (5): 620-636 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0009-4 CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-023-0009-4

Research article

Responses of soil fauna community under changing environmental conditions

KUDURETI Ayijiamali¹^,², ZHAO Shuai¹^,^*(

), Dina ZHAKYP³, TIAN Changyan¹^,^*(

)

¹State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
²University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan

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Abstract

Soil faunas account for 23% of known animal species and play a crucial role in ecosystem processes such as mineralizing nutrients, regulating microbial community composition, forming soil aggregates, and enhancing primary productivity. However, due to global climate change, population density, community composition, and distribution patterns of soil fauna vary. Understanding the responses of soil fauna to major environmental change facilitate the conservation of biodiversity. Therefore, a review work of recent researches for analysing the effects of key environmental factors on soil fauna, such as warming, drought, food quality, and soil physical-chemical properties was studied. For most species, warming may exert a positive effect on their abundance and population development, however, it can inhibit the survival and reproduction of hibernating species. Drought leads to low soil porosity and water holding capacity, which reduces soil fauna population and changes their community composition. Drought also can reduce the coverage of flora and alter microclimate of the soil surface, which in turn indirectly reduces fauna abundance. Climate warming and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide can reduce litter quality, which will force soil fauna to change their dietary choices (from higher-quality foods to poor quality foods) and reduce reproduction for survival. However, it is still predicted that enhanced species richness of plant (or litter) mixtures will positively affect soil fauna diversity. Habitat loss caused by the deterioration of soil physical-chemical property is primary factor affecting soil fauna. We mainly discuss the threats of increased salinity (a major factor in arid land) to soil fauna and their potential responses to anthropogenic disturbance in saline soils. The increase in soil salinity can override other factors that favour habitat specialists, leading to negative effects on soil fauna. Moreover, we find that more studies are needed to explore the responses of soil fauna in saline soils to human activities. And the relationship of important ecological processes with soil fauna density, community structure, and diversity needs to be redefined.

Key words： biodiversity habitat soil fauna species distribution stress factors

Received: 18 November 2022 Published: 31 May 2023

Corresponding Authors: *TIAN Changyan (E-mail: tianchy@ms.xjb.ac.cn);ZHAO Shuai (E-mail: zhaoshuai@ms.xjb.ac.cn)

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Cite this article:

KUDURETI Ayijiamali, ZHAO Shuai, Dina ZHAKYP, TIAN Changyan. Responses of soil fauna community under changing environmental conditions. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 620-636.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0009-4 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I5/620

Fig. 1 Number of papers published in Web of Science on biodiversity conservation in 2021

Fig. 2 Classification of soil fauna by body width and body length. On the basis of body width: microfauna (2-100 μm), mesofauna (100 μm-2 mm), and macrofauna (2-20 mm). On the basis of body length: microfauna (0.02-0.20 mm), mesofauna (0.20-10.00 mm), and macrofauna (10.00-80.00 mm).

Fig. 3 Impact of key ecological factors on soil fauna and interactions of soil fauna with plants, organisms, and soil properties. Each arrow represents interaction. The solid arrows depict direct interactions, whereas the dashed arrows depict indirect effects. Plus (+) represents positive effects, and minus (-) was negative.

Table 1 Effect of warming on soil fauna community

Table 2 Effect of drought on soil fauna community

Soil fauna	Salinity treatment	Influence	Response	Reference
Protozoa	NaHCO₃, NaCl, KHCO₃, and KCl at 160 mM	Ionic stress led to cell death of protozoa. NaHCO₃ was shown to be the most effective inhibitor.	Although protozoa do not contain a rigid cell wall, they can develop osmoregulatory mechanisms to minimize the damage caused by hyper-osmotic conditions.	Li et al. (2017)
Nematode Scottnema lindsayae and Plectus antarcticus	NaCl, MgSO₄, KNO₃ and NaCl+MgSO₄, concentrations ranging from 0.1-3.0 M	Salinity reduced the survival of both nematode species.	Species have different salt tolerance. S. lindsayae survived in <0.2 M NaCl and <0.5 M MgSO₄. They did not survive in any concentration of NaCl+MgSO₄. P. antarcticus survived in <0.5 M NaCl, <0.5 M MgSO₄, and <0.2 M (NaCl+MgSO₄).	Nkem et al. (2006)
Earthworm	NaCl concentrations: 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 mg/kg	The survival, growth, and cocoon production were limited above the concentrations of 5436, 4985, and 2020 mg/kg NaCl.	Behavioural strategy: earthworms escaped a high salinity environment. The avoidance of A. caliginosa of 667 mg/kg NaCl. The avoidance of E. feida of 1164 mg/kg NaCl.	Owojori et al. (2009); Owojori et al. (2008)
Spider (Arctosa fulvolineata)	Three concentrations of substrate salinity (0‰, 35‰, and 70‰)	Survival and egg-laying were significantly impaired when exposed to hypersaline conditions for 12 d.	Morphological adaptations: having a continuous exoskeleton reduced body contact with salt. Physiological adaptation: accumulation of osmo-induced amino acids increased the osmolality of body fluids, enhancing the survival ability of spiders.	O'Connor (2003); Foucreau et al. (2012)
Nematode	Salinized Caatinga EC: 65.6, 106.2 dS/m; Natural Caatinga EC: 0.98, 1.30 dS/m	Salinity caused a sharp decline in nematode abundance.	Nematodes employed anhydrobiosis (reduced metabolic activity) to survive in dry and salty conditions.	Zhi et al. (2008)
Soil fauna community	Salinization habitat: 0.19%, 0.26%, 0.47%, 0.68%, and 1.12%.	High salinity decreased the number of taxa. Community composition changed significantly.	Different soil fauna taxa exhibited various tolerance to salinity.	Yin et al. (2018)
Decomposer fauna	Water salinity treatment: 10.0%, 5.0%, 3.0%, 1.0%, and 0.4%	High salinity (>5%) decreased the litter decomposition rate. Modest salinity increased the litter decomposition rate	Plots with 3% salinity showed higher decomposition rates than plots with 1.0% salinity and 0.4% salinity.	Zhai et al. (2020)

Table 3 Effects of salinity on the soil fauna community


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