Driving forces behind the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land-use and land-cover change: A case study of the Weihe River Basin, China

doi:10.1007/s40333-023-0052-1

Journal of Arid Land

2023, Vol. 15

Issue (3): 253-273 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-023-0052-1

Research article

Driving forces behind the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land-use and land-cover change: A case study of the Weihe River Basin, China

WU Jingyan, LUO Jungang(

), ZHANG Han, YU Mengjie

State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China

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Abstract

The impact of socioeconomic development on land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) in river basins varies spatially and temporally. Exploring the spatiotemporal evolutionary trends and drivers of LUCC under regional disparities is the basis for the sustainable development and management of basins. In this study, the Weihe River Basin (WRB) in China was selected as a typical basin, and the WRB was divided into the upstream of the Weihe River Basin (UWRB), the midstream of the Weihe River Basin (MWRB), the downstream of the Weihe River Basin (DWRB), the Jinghe River Basin (JRB), and the Luohe River Basin (LRB). Based on land-use data (cultivated land, forestland, grassland, built-up land, bare land, and water body) from 1985 to 2020, we analyzed the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of LUCC in the WRB using a land-use transfer matrix and a dynamic change model. The driving forces of LUCC in the WRB in different periods were detected using the GeoDetector, and the selected influencing factors included meteorological factors (precipitation and temperature), natural factors (elevation, slope, soil, and distance to rivers), social factors (distance to national highway, distance to railway, distance to provincial highway, and distance to expressway), and human activity factors (population density and gross domestic product (GDP)). The results indicated that the types and intensities of LUCC conversions showed considerable disparities across different sub-basins, where complex conversions among cultivated land, forestland, and grassland occurred in the LRB, JRB, and UWRB, with higher dynamic change before 2000. The conversion of other land-use types to built-up land was concentrated in the UWRB, MWRB, and DWRB, with substantial increases after 2000. Additionally, the driving effects of the influencing factors on LUCC in each sub-basin also exhibited distinct diversity, with the LRB and JRB being influenced by the meteorological and social factors, and the UWRB, MWRB, and DWRB being driven by human activity factors. Moreover, the interaction of these influencing factors indicated an enhanced effect on LUCC. This study confirmed the spatiotemporal heterogeneity effects of socioeconomic status on LUCC in the WRB under regional differences, contributing to the sustainable development of the whole basin by managing sub-basins according to local conditions.

Key words： land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) spatial heterogeneity land-use conversion dynamic change model GeoDetector human activities Weihe River Basin

Received: 27 May 2022 Published: 31 March 2023

Corresponding Authors: ^* LUO Jungang (E-mail: jgluo@xaut.edu.cn)

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Cite this article:

WU Jingyan, LUO Jungang, ZHANG Han, YU Mengjie. Driving forces behind the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land-use and land-cover change: A case study of the Weihe River Basin, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(3): 253-273.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-023-0052-1 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I3/253

Fig. 1 Geographical location of the Weihe River Basin (WRB) in the Yellow River Basin (a) and overview of the WRB and its sub-basins (b). UWRB, the upstream of the Weihe River Basin; MWRB, the midstream of the Weihe River Basin; DWRB, the downstream of the Weihe River Basin; JRB, Jinghe River Basin; LRB, Luohe River Basin.

Table 1 Details of the datasets of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) and its influencing factors

Table 2 Description about the types of interaction detection

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution and area proportions of land-use types in the WRB in 1985 (a), 1990 (b), 1995 (c), 2000 (d), 2005 (e), 2010 (f), 2015 (g), and 2020 (h)

Fig. 3 Area proportions of cultivated land (a), forestland (b), grassland (c), built-up land (d), bare land (e), and water body (f) in different sub-basins in the WRB from 1985 to 2020 at an interval of 5 a

Fig. 4 Structure chart of the transfers of different land-use types in the WRB in 1985-1990 (a), 1990-1995 (b), 1995-2000 (c), 2000-2005 (d), 2005-2010 (e), 2010-2015 (f), 2015-2020 (g), and 1985-2020 (h)

Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
1985-1990	Bare land	195.75	0.26	217.75	0.01	697.08	0.00	1110.85
	Built-up land	0.00	1662.52	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1662.52
	Cultivated land	123.60	239.19	52,719.58	1658.10	7723.83	12.26	62,476.57
	Forestland	0.05	0.72	1057.96	33,275.83	1366.82	8.49	35,709.87
	Grassland	174.28	7.21	8313.03	1208.17	23,868.92	0.21	33,571.82
	Water body	0.00	0.05	40.90	0.99	0.07	31.52	73.52
	Total	493.67	1909.94	62,349.22	36,143.11	33,656.72	52.48	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
1990-1995	Bare land	222.72	0.22	80.13	0.00	190.44	0.16	493.67
	Built-up land	0.00	1909.94	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1909.94
	Cultivated land	130.40	141.41	55,346.24	780.44	5858.73	91.99	62,349.22
	Forestland	0.00	0.03	1362.27	33,410.33	1367.65	2.83	36,143.11
	Grassland	561.60	10.52	6211.72	808.50	26,063.58	0.80	33,656.72
	Water body	0.00	0.07	6.14	0.73	1.15	44.40	52.48
	Total	914.72	2062.18	63,006.50	35,000.01	33,481.56	140.17	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
1995-2000	Bare land	321.44	0.65	217.20	3.69	371.01	0.74	914.72
	Built-up land	0.00	2062.18	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2062.18
	Cultivated land	429.78	356.81	50,557.45	3187.17	8430.70	44.59	63,006.50
	Forestland	1.84	0.16	1448.02	31,426.82	2121.59	1.58	35,000.01
	Grassland	843.62	18.22	9856.08	2349.17	20,405.21	9.27	33,481.56
	Water body	4.38	0.80	76.55	3.09	8.42	46.93	140.17
	Total	1601.06	2438.83	62,155.29	36,969.94	31,336.93	103.11	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
2000-2005	Bare land	764.48	3.56	330.92	6.68	495.06	0.36	1601.06
	Built-up land	0.00	2438.83	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2438.83
	Cultivated land	40.82	543.03	60,262.11	305.95	991.16	12.23	62,155.29
	Forestland	0.02	2.97	28.63	36,920.91	17.18	0.23	36,969.94
	Grassland	35.69	27.33	780.64	214.70	30,277.49	1.07	31,336.93
	Water body	0.10	0.03	2.00	0.16	0.25	100.57	103.11
	Total	841.11	3015.74	61,404.30	37,448.40	31,781.14	114.46	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
2005-2010	Bare land	720.35	3.50	56.27	1.02	59.91	0.07	841.11
	Built-up land	0.00	3015.74	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	3015.74
	Cultivated land	31.09	284.17	60,336.69	195.52	542.35	14.47	61,404.30
	Forestland	0.03	1.05	15.18	37,424.47	7.10	0.58	37,448.40
	Grassland	80.09	19.26	511.56	218.02	30,951.17	1.03	31,781.14
	Water body	0.24	0.05	4.49	0.19	0.50	108.99	114.46
	Total	831.80	3323.76	60,924.19	37,839.24	31,561.02	125.14	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
2010-2015	Bare land	546.55	3.90	116.26	0.54	164.41	0.13	831.80
	Built-up land	0.00	3323.76	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	3323.76
	Cultivated land	20.10	353.17	59,947.23	119.64	466.57	17.47	60,924.19
	Forestland	0.13	1.32	23.55	37,802.43	11.45	0.37	37,839.24
	Grassland	21.10	19.96	473.44	146.40	30,898.60	1.52	31,561.02
	Water body	0.28	0.02	3.28	0.21	0.35	120.99	125.14
	Total	588.16	3702.14	60,563.76	38,069.22	31,541.38	140.48	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
2015-2020	Bare land	503.83	7.02	45.48	0.26	31.46	0.10	588.16
	Built-up land	0.00	3702.14	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	3702.14
	Cultivated land	26.07	1025.93	58,830.17	177.73	487.87	15.99	60,563.76
	Forestland	0.26	8.12	58.83	37,973.94	26.73	1.35	38,069.22
	Grassland	42.12	51.44	735.70	151.70	30,557.59	2.84	31,541.38
	Water body	1.69	1.59	3.34	0.17	0.37	133.32	140.48
	Total	573.97	4796.25	59,673.51	38,303.79	31,104.03	153.60	134,605.14
Period		Bare land	Built-up land	Cultivated land	Forestland	Grassland	Water body	Total
1985-2020	Bare land	141.64	2.45	477.52	9.95	467.65	11.63	1110.85
	Built-up land	0.00	1662.52	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1662.52
	Cultivated land	177.51	3014.65	45,972.82	4013.84	9212.04	85.70	62,476.57
	Forestland	2.09	21.35	1546.09	31,390.12	2739.03	11.19	35,709.87
	Grassland	249.99	89.12	11,650.04	2889.12	18,684.02	9.54	33,571.82
	Water body	2.73	6.16	27.04	0.75	1.28	35.55	73.52
	Total	573.97	4796.25	59,673.51	38,303.79	31,104.03	153.60	134,605.14

Table S1 Transfer matrix of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) in different periods (unit: km²)

Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of other land-use types converted to cultivated land (a1-a8) and forestland (b1-b8) in the WRB in 1985-1990 (a1 and b1), 1990-1995 (a2 and b2), 1995-2000 (a3 and b3), 2000-20005 (a4 and b4), 2005-2010 (a5 and b5), 2010-2015 (a6 and b6), 2015-2020 (a7 and b7), and 1985-2020 (a8 and b8)

Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of other land-use types converted to grassland (a1-a8) and built-up land (b1-b8) in the WRB in 1985-1990 (a1 and b1), 1990-1995 (a2 and b2), 1995-2000 (a3 and b3), 2000-20005 (a4 and b4), 2005-2010 (a5 and b5), 2010-2015 (a6 and b6), 2015-2020 (a7 and b7), and 1985-2020 (a8 and b8)

Fig. 7 Single land-use dynamic index (including relative land-use dynamic index and absolute land-use dynamic index) values of land-use types in the WRB in 1985-1990 (a), 1990-1995 (b), 1995-2000 (c), 2000-2005 (d), 2005-2010 (e), 2010-2015 (f), 2015-2020 (g), and 1985-2020 (h). Note that values of relative or absolute land-use dynamic index less than zero represent decrease in the area of land-use type, and values of relative or absolute land-use dynamic index greater than zero represent increase in the area of land-use type.

Table 3 Comprehensive land-use dynamic index in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) in 1985-2020 at an inverval of 5 a

Fig. 8 Variations of q values for different influencing factors of LUCC in the WRB and its sub-basins from 1985 to 2020. (a), LRB; (b), JRB; (c), UWRB; (d), MWRB; (e), DWRB; (f), WRB. q, the value of driving forces of the influencing factor; Tem, temperature; Pre, precipitation; DEM, elevation; DISTri, distance to rivers; DISTnh, distance to national highway; DISTph, distance to provincial highway; DISTex, distance to expressway; DISTra, distance to railway; Pop, population density; GDP, gross domestic product.

Fig. 9 Average q value of each influencing factor of LUCC in the WRB and its sub-basins. (a), LRB; (b), JRB; (c), UWRB; (d), MWRB; (e), DWRB; (f), WRB. q, the value of driving forces of the influencing factor; Tem, temperature; Pre, precipitation; DEM, elevation; DISTri, distance to rivers; DISTnh, distance to national highway; DISTph, distance to provincial highway; DISTex, distance to expressway; DISTra, distance to railway; Pop, population density; GDP, gross domestic product.

Fig. 10 Heat map of the 5-a average interaction of influencing factors of LUCC in the WRB and its sub-basins from 1985 to 2020. (a), LRB; (b), JRB; (c), UWRB; (d), MWRB; (e), DWRB; (f), WRB. Tem, temperature; Pre, precipitation; DEM, elevation; DISTri, distance to rivers; DISTnh, distance to national highway; DISTph, distance to provincial highway; DISTex, distance to expressway; DISTra, distance to railway; Pop, population density; GDP, gross domestic product.

Fig. 11 Proportion of the average q value of each influencing factor of LUCC in each sub-basin of the WRB. q, the value of driving forces of the influencing factor; Tem, temperature; Pre, precipitation; DEM, elevation; DISTri, distance to rivers; DISTnh, distance to national highway; DISTph, distance to provincial highway; DISTex, distance to expressway; DISTra, distance to railway; Pop, population density; GDP, gross domestic product.


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