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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2026, Vol. 18 Issue (3): 387-405    DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.03.003     CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.20250481
Research article     
Synergistic trade-off between desertification and lake evolution in the eastern Qinghai Lake region since the late Last Glacial Interstadial: Evidence from aeolian sediments
HU Mengjun1,*(), XU Aokang1,2
1College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Abstract  

Aeolian sediments in the eastern Qinghai Lake region, China serve as sensitive paleoclimate archives, offering an ideal window into past environmental conditions. This study investigated the Dashuitang (QDST) profile in the eastern Qinghai Lake region by integrating sediment grain size, chroma, and magnetic susceptibility (MS) proxies to reconstruct the regional environmental evolution since the Last Glacial Interstadial and to investigate its relationship with the water level fluctuations of Qinghai Lake. Grain size end-member modeling analysis (EMMA) identified three end-members: end-member 1 (EM1) represented fine-grained material transported over longer distances through mixing processes, which could reveal the regional moisture conditions; end-member 2 (EM2) primarily consisted of coarse-grained material from nearby sources transported via saltation or creep, indicating the intensity of the winter monsoon; and end-member 3 (EM3) mainly reflected deposition from dust storm events controlled by regional low-altitude wind systems. In addition, the regional environmental sequence demonstrated coherence with other records, collectively elucidating the sub-orbital-scale dynamics of the Asian monsoon. The environmental sequence was divided into four principal phases on the basis of sedimentary characteristics and climatic responses: the late Last Glacial Interstadial, Last Glacial Maximum, Last Deglaciation, and Holocene phases. Additionally, the results of this study revealed that there is a close linkage between desertification and lake evolution in the eastern Qinghai Lake region. Since the Last Glacial Interstadial, desertification and lake evolution processes have generally exhibited a trade-off relationship, wherein lake level decline and desert expansion exhibited a direct positive feedback. However, during the early period of the Late Holocene (approximately 2.80-1.50 ka BP), a synergistic response pattern emerged, characterized by relatively high lake levels alongside moderate desert expansion, reflecting an asymmetric decoupling mechanism between the hydrological processes and aeolian dynamics during climatic transition periods. This study provides important insights for predicting the future evolution trends of lake-desert systems under climate change.

Key words： desertification      aeolian sediments      late Last Glacial Interstadial      synergistic trade-off      end-member modeling analysis      Qinghai Lake     
Received: 01 October 2025      Published: 31 March 2026
Corresponding Authors: *HU Mengjun (E-mail: lele200466@163.com)
About author: First author contact:The first and second authors contributed equally to this work.
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HU Mengjun, XU Aokang. Synergistic trade-off between desertification and lake evolution in the eastern Qinghai Lake region since the late Last Glacial Interstadial: Evidence from aeolian sediments. Journal of Arid Land, 2026, 18(3): 387-405.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1016/j.jaridl.2026.03.003     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2026/V18/I3/387

Fig. 1 Geographical location of Qinghai Lake and profile information. (a), location of Qinghai Lake in Qinghai Province (satellite images are sourced from Geospatial Data Cloud (https://www.gscloud.cn)); (b), location of sampling point in Qinghai Lake region; (c), field profile from Qinghai Lake and its correlation with sedimentary records from Lu et al. (2015) and Bai et al. (2020). The colors in the profile column match the actual colors of the sediment strata. OSL, optically stimulated luminescence; KTS, Ketusha; DST3, Dashuitang3; DST4, Dashuitang4; QDST, Dashuitang (eastern Qinghai Lake region, this study). The profiles of DST3 and DST4 are derived from Bai et al. (2020), and the profile of KTS is derived from Lu et al. (2015).
Number Stratigraphic type Depth (cm) Characteristic
QDST1 Topsoil 0-30 Gray-yellow and loose, with plant roots
QDST2 Aeolian layer 30-130 Grayish-white and medium fine sand, with few plant roots
QDST3 Weak sandy paleosol layer 130-230 Dark gray and fine sand, relatively compact, with pseudomycelium
QDST4 Aeolian layer 230-380 Light gray and medium fine sand, with apparent eolian accretion
QDST5 Weak sandy paleosol layer 380-500 Dark grey and fine sand, firm
QDST6 Aeolian layer 500-530 Grayish white and fine sand, loose
QDST7 Weak sandy paleosol layer 530-660 Dark brown, silty, firm, and white mycelium present
QDST8 Aeolian layer 660-770 Silt and clay
QDST9 Weak sandy paleosol layer 770-1000 Clay and cement compact
Table 1 Stratigraphy of Dashuitang (QDST) profile
Number Depth (m) Grain size (µm) Test index Age (ka BP)
U (×10-6) Th
(×10-6)		 K (×10-6) Equivalent dose (Gy) Annual dose (Gy/ka) Water content (%)
08G-356 1.66-1.70 4.00-11.00 1.31 6.04 1.40 3.21±0.30 2.63 3.20 1.22±0.12
08G-357 2.56-2.60 4.00-11.00 0.84 4.80 1.35 5.20±0.08 2.29 2.50 2.27±0.07
08G-358 3.66-3.70 4.00-11.00 1.24 5.48 1.41 6.95±0.64 2.50 4.60 2.78±0.26
08G-359 5.26-5.30 4.00-11.00 1.36 6.45 1.38 8.82±0.29 2.60 3.60 3.39±0.13
08G-360 5.30-5.34 4.00-11.00 1.30 6.66 1.46 12.30±0.28 2.68 4.10 4.59±0.14
10G-46 5.92-5.96 4.00-11.00 1.43 7.47 1.57 25.75±1.48 2.94 5.00 8.74±0.53
10G-45 6.20-6.24 4.00-11.00 1.28 5.76 1.64 26.35±0.72 2.75 7.30 9.52±0.50
08G-362 6.60-6.64 4.00-11.00 1.50 7.35 1.45 42.54±1.95 2.71 9.30 15.79±0.72
08G-364 7.62-7.66 4.00-11.00 1.81 7.55 1.53 68.65±2.17 2.97 0.80 23.12±1.09
08G-365 9.96-10.0 4.00-11.00 1.45 6.73 1.51 86.45±2.97 2.91 6.00 31.90±1.30
Table 2 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from QDST profile
Fig. 2 Chronological framework of QDST profile. The colors in the profile column match the actual colors of the sediment strata.
Fig. 3 Vertical variation characteristics of grain size and chroma in QDST profile. (a), clay; (b), silt; (c), fine sand; (d), coarse sand; (e), average grain size (Mz); (f), silt plus clay divided by sand (SC/D); (g), redness (a*). The colors in the profile column match the actual colors of the sediment strata.
Fig. 4 End-member modeling analysis (EMMA) result of QDST profile. (a), determination coefficient (R2); (b), angle deviation; (c), frequency distribution curves of end-members (c1) and average frequency distribution curves of each sedimentary layer (c2); (d), ternary diagram of three end-members of QDST profile. EM1, end-member 1; EM2, end-member 2; EM3, end-member 3. The blue boxes in figure a and b represent the 25th and 75th interquartile, illustrating the dispersion of the data.
Fig. 5 Vertical variation characteristics of end-members and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in QDST profile. (a), EM1; (b), EM2; (c), EM3; (d), high-frequency magnetic susceptibility (MShf); (e), low-frequency magnetic susceptibility (MSlf); (f), mass-specific magnetic susceptibility (MSG). The colors in the profile column match the actual colors of the sediment strata.
Fig. 6 Correlation analysis of grain size components, end-members, chroma, and MSG in QDST profile. (a), population correlation; (b), Stage I correlation; (c), Stage II correlation; (d), Stage III correlation; (e), Stage IV correlation; (f), comparison of frequency curve between EM2 and aeolian sediment in eastern Qinghai Lake region (Bai et al., 2020). Larger bubble sizes indicate stronger correlations. *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
Fig. 7 Comparison of the indices of QDST profile with the palaeoenvironmental records. (a), EM1; (b), EM2; (c), a*; (d), MSG; (e), Mz of the DST profile in the Qinghai Lake (Bai et al., 2020); (f), total organic carbon (TOC) in the Qinghai1 (QH1) hole sediments of Qinghai Lake (Shi et al., 2003); (g), organic carbon isotopes in Luochuan County profile (Luochuan County is located in the Loess Plateau) (Lin et al., 1991); (h), pollen density of Lake Chen Co (the lake is located in the southern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau) (Zhu et al., 2009); (i), soot flux in core 1Fs of Qinghai Lake (the core was obtained from the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) in 2005; Hao et al., 2020); (j), stalagmite oxygen isotopes (δ18O) from Hulu and Sanbao Cave (δ18OH-S) (Wang et al., 2008); titanium (Ti) element content in the Arabian Sea (k; Schneider et al., 2014) and sediment total reflectance records from the Cariaco Basin (l; Deplazes et al., 2013) were used to reconstruct latitudinal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); (m), Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) intensity (McManus et al., 2004); (n), North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) δ18O (Yao et al., 1997); (o), 65°N solar radiation (Berger and Loutre, 1991). The red dashed bars in Figure 7a and f represent the typical stages corresponding to EM1 and TOC; N and S letters in Figure 7k and l denote the northward and southward shifts of the ITCZ, respectively.
Fig. 8 Comparison of the indices of the QDST profile with the Qinghai Lake water level. (a), EM1; (b), EM2; (c), lake level in the arid area of Middle East Asia (Zhang et al., 2021); (d), water level changes of the Qinghai Lake (Zhang et al., 1994); (e), level fluctuation curve of the Qinghai Lake (Liu et al., 2015); (f), negative correlation between EM1 and EM2 in the depth intervals of 0.30-2.00 and 3.50-10.00 m of the QDST profile; (g), positive correlation between EM1 and EM2 in the depth interval of 2.00-3.50 m of the QDST profile (ca. 2.80-1.50 ka BP).
Fig. 9 Possible spatial patterns of desertification in the eastern Qinghai Lake region and lake evolution during different periods. (a), modern; (b), late Last Glacial Interstadial; (c), Last Glacial Maximum; (d), Early Holocene; (e), Middle Holocene; (f), Late Holocene. The possible spatial pattern of desertification in the late Last Glacial Interstadial period was not assessed.
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