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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (8): 1080-1097    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0104-1
Research article     
Impact of climate and human activity on NDVI of various vegetation types in the Three-River Source Region, China
LU Qing1,2,3,4, KANG Haili3, ZHANG Fuqing3, XIA Yuanping3, YAN Bing5,*()
1Research Center of Resource and Environment Economics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
2Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecological Process and Information, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
3School of Surveying and Geoinformation Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
4Nanchang Key Laboratory of Landscape Process and Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
5Institute of Energy Research, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
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Abstract  

The Three-River Source Region (TRSR) in China holds a vital position and exhibits an irreplaceable strategic importance in ecological preservation at the national level. On the basis of an in-depth study of the vegetation evolution in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022, we conducted a detailed analysis of the feedback mechanism of vegetation growth to climate change and human activity for different vegetation types. During the growing season, the spatiotemporal variations of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for different vegetation types in the TRSR were analyzed using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-NDVI data and meteorological data from 2000 to 2022. In addition, the response characteristics of vegetation to temperature, precipitation, and human activity were assessed using trend analysis, partial correlation analysis, and residual analysis. Results indicated that, after in-depth research, from 2000 to 2022, the TRSR's average NDVI during the growing season was 0.3482. The preliminary ranking of the average NDVI for different vegetation types was as follows: shrubland (0.5762)>forest (0.5443)>meadow (0.4219)>highland vegetation (0.2223)>steppe (0.2159). The NDVI during the growing season exhibited a fluctuating growth trend, with an average growth rate of 0.0018/10a (P<0.01). Notably, forests displayed a significant development trend throughout the growing season, possessing the fastest rate of change in NDVI (0.0028/10a). Moreover, the upward trends in NDVI for forests and steppes exhibited extensive spatial distributions, with significant increases accounting for 95.23% and 93.80%, respectively. The sensitivity to precipitation was significantly enhanced in other vegetation types other than highland vegetation. By contrast, steppes, meadows, and highland vegetation demonstrated relatively high vulnerability to temperature fluctuations. A further detailed analysis revealed that climate change had a significant positive impact on the TRSR from 2000 to 2022, particularly in its northwestern areas, accounting for 85.05% of the total area. Meanwhile, human activity played a notable positive role in the southwestern and southeastern areas of the TRSR, covering 62.65% of the total area. Therefore, climate change had a significantly higher impact on NDVI during the growing season in the TRSR than human activity.

Key words： growing season      normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)      highland vegetation      trend analysis      partial correlation analysis      residual analysis      contribution rate     
Received: 10 April 2024      Published: 31 August 2024
Corresponding Authors: *YAN Bing (E-mail: yanbing@jxas.ac.cn)
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LU Qing
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Cite this article:

LU Qing, KANG Haili, ZHANG Fuqing, XIA Yuanping, YAN Bing. Impact of climate and human activity on NDVI of various vegetation types in the Three-River Source Region, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(8): 1080-1097.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0104-1     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I8/1080

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of different vegetation types in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR)
Category Scenario Slope Relative contribution rate (%)
NDVICC NDVIHA NDVICC NDVIHA
Area of vegetation increase Scenario 1 >0 >0 $\frac{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|}{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|+\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{HA}}\right|} \times 100 \%$ $\frac{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{HA}}\right|}{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|+\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{HA}}\right|} \times 100 \%$
Scenario 2 >0 <0 100.00 0.00
Scenario 3 <0 >0 0.00 100.00
Area of vegetation decrease Scenario 1 <0 <0 $\frac{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|}{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|+\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{HA}}\right|} \times 100 \%$ $\frac{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|}{\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{CC}}\right|+\left|\Delta \mathrm{NDVI}_{\mathrm{HA}}\right|} \times 100 \%$
Scenario 2 <0 >0 100.00 0.00
Scenario 3 >0 <0 0.00 100.00
Table 1 Relative contribution of climate change and human activity to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) variations under various scenarios
Fig. 2 Interannual change in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the TRSR (a) and different vegetation types (b-f) during the growing season from 2000 to 2022
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of NDVI variations in the TRSR during the growing season from 2000 to 2022. (a), annual average NDVI; (b), change rate of average NDVI; (c), change trend of average NDVI.
Fig. 4 Spatial change trend of NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR during the growing season from 2000 to 2022. (a), forests; (b), shrublands; (c), steppes; (d), meadows; (e), highland vegetation.
Fig. 5 Spatial distribution of human activity contribution to NDVI variations of different vegetation types in the TRSR during the growing season from 2000 to 2022. (a), forests; (b), shrublands; (c), steppes; (d), meadows; (e), highland vegetation.
Relative contribution rate (%) Proportion of area (%)
Climate change Human activity
< -20.00 1.17 8.74
-20.00-0.00 13.78 28.61
0.00-20.00 9.64 14.56
20.00-40.00 19.16 10.23
40.00-60.00 19.11 12.59
60.00-80.00 17.02 9.69
≥80.00 20.12 15.58
Table 2 Proportion of area contributed by climate change and human activity to NDVI variations in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
Relative contribution
rate (%)		 Proportion of area (%)
Climate change Human activity
Forest Shrubland Steppe Meadow Highland vegetation Forest Shrubland Steppe Meadow Highland vegetation
< -20.00 1.02 0.92 0.36 0.38 1.12 1.92 1.84 1.24 1.26 2.11
-20.00-0.00 5.64 8.83 6.58 9.58 12.77 8.65 17.64 4.45 16.09 10.46
0.00-20.00 9.84 7.75 36.95 8.84 28.16 8.17 11.35 2.12 9.33 5.18
20.00-40.00 23.90 15.61 25.97 17.61 19.78 16.34 17.89 6.30 16.51 9.24
40.00-60.00 27.24 20.79 18.07 22.46 14.09 27.24 20.79 18.07 22.46 14.09
60.00-80.00 16.34 17.89 6.30 16.51 9.24 23.02 14.73 25.09 16.73 18.82
≥80.00 16.02 28.19 5.77 24.62 14.84 14.68 15.79 42.73 17.62 40.10
Table 3 Proportion of area contributed by climate change and human activity to NDVI variations in different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of relative contribution of climate change (a) and human activity (b) to NDVI variations in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
Vegetation type Partial correlation coefficient P
Forests 0.65 0.001
Shrublands 0.54 0.010
Steppes 0.56 0.007
Meadows 0.52 0.014
Highland vegetation 0.37 0.091
Table 4 Correlation between average precipitation of the growing season and NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of correlation between average precipitation and NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022. (a), forests; (b), shrublands; (c), steppes; (d), meadows; (e), highland vegetation.
Correlation level Proportion of area (%)
Forests Shrublands Steppes Meadows Highland vegetation
Significantly positive correlation 46.23 40.31 43.48 37.63 15.83
Non-significantly positive correlation 43.51 49.46 49.62 53.10 61.25
No significant correlation 0.36 0.29 0.18 0.12 0.55
Significantly negative correlation 0.73 0.37 0.25 0.32 0.88
Non-significantly negative correlation 9.19 9.58 6.47 8.85 21.47
Table 5 Proportion of area occupied by different correlation levels between precipitation and NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
Vegetation type Partial correlation coefficient P
Forests 0.12 0.594
Shrublands 0.27 0.225
Steppes 0.42 0.049
Meadows 0.52 0.014
Highland vegetation 0.61 0.002
Table 6 Correlation between average temperature of the growing season and the NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
Fig. 8 Spatial distribution of correlation between temperature and NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022. (a), forests; (b), shrublands; (c), steppes; (d), meadows; (e), highland vegetation.
Correlation level Proportion of area (%)
Forests Shrublands Steppes Meadows Highland vegetation
Significantly positive correlation 27.41 30.98 21.27 44.07 28.08
Non-significantly positive correlation 57.01 55.45 57.55 47.34 49.14
No significant correlation 0.36 0.29 0.18 0.12 0.54
Significantly negative correlation 0.89 0.53 0.55 0.26 0.82
Non-significantly negative correlation 14.34 12.76 20.46 8.21 21.42
Table 7 Proportion of area occupied by different correlation levels between temperature and the NDVI of different vegetation types in the TRSR from 2000 to 2022
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