Characteristics of summer turbulence and analysis of ozone sounding in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert, Northwest China

doi:10.1007/s40333-025-0060-4

Journal of Arid Land

2025, Vol. 17

Issue (12): 1719-1740 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-025-0060-4 CSTR: 32276.14.JAL.02500604

Research article

Characteristics of summer turbulence and analysis of ozone sounding in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert, Northwest China

WANG Minzhong¹, MING Hu²^,^*(

), WANG Yinjun³, ALI Mamtimin¹, ZHANG Jiantao¹, ZHU Congzhen¹

¹Urumqi Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration/National Observation and Research Station of Desert Meteorology, Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang/Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration/Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Urumqi 830002, China
²School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
³State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

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Abstract

Due to the arid and sandy surface of the Taklimakan Desert (TD) in China, the turbulence structure and vertical distribution of ozone exhibit unique and complex characteristics. However, few studies have focused on these issues. To reveal the variation characteristics of summertime atmospheric turbulence and ozone concentration over the TD, we conducted joint detection experiments in July 2016 and July 2021 at Tazhong in the hinterland of the TD using an eddy covariance detection system, a GPS (Global Positioning System) sounding system, and a meteorological gradient tower. Using methods such as statistical analysis, nonlinear fitting, and Fast Fourier Transform, this study analyzed and processed parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, turbulence parameters, turbulence spectra, and ozone concentration. The high average temperature is accompanied by low relative humidity over the TD, showing a negative correlation between the two. The temperature of the 10.0-cm-deep sand layer lags the near-surface air temperature by nearly 4 h. From 09:30 to 21:00 (Beijing Time), under conditions where the sensible heat flux is positive but stability parameter (z/L, where z is the height and L is the Obukhov length) is negative, the atmosphere is heated by the land surface, with the occurrence of unstable stratification; however, the conditions are the opposite (sensible heat flux is negative and z/L is positive) after 22:00, which are accompanied with the cooling of the surface radiation, occurrence of temperature inversion in the lower atmosphere, and stable stratification. A positive correlation is identified between the diurnal variation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height, with significant contributions from both the buoyancy and shear terms during the daytime. Under unstable stratification, the normalized standard deviations of the three-dimensional wind speed, temperature, and humidity conform to the Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST). As the stability parameter z/L transitions from strongly unstable to strongly stable, the energy of the dimensionless turbulent velocity spectra gradually decreases and conforms to the -2/3 power law within the inertial subrange. In the hinterland of the TD, the summertime tropospheric ozone concentration remains below approximately 0.70×10^-6 (volume concentration). Above the troposphere, within the range of 16,500.0-30,000.0 m, a significant increasing trend is identified in the ozone concentration with altitude. At an altitude of 30,000.0 m, the maximum ozone concentration can reach up to 7.50×10^-6. The research findings provide both theoretical and data foundations for future in-depth studies of turbulent motion and ozone concentration distribution in the TD, as well as in the similar areas around the world.

Key words： Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST) turbulence energy spectrum turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) atmospheric boundary layer height ozone concentration profile Taklimakan Desert

Received: 11 May 2025 Published: 31 December 2025

Corresponding Authors: ^*MING Hu (E-mail: minghu0538@126.com)

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	WANG Minzhong
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	ZHANG Jiantao
	ZHU Congzhen

Cite this article:

WANG Minzhong, MING Hu, WANG Yinjun, ALI Mamtimin, ZHANG Jiantao, ZHU Congzhen. Characteristics of summer turbulence and analysis of ozone sounding in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2025, 17(12): 1719-1740.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-025-0060-4 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2025/V17/I12/1719

Fig. 1 Main observational equipment related to this study. (a), an eddy covariance detection system; (b), a meteorological gradient tower.

Table 1 Main parameter indices of the GPS (Global Positioning System) sounding system

Table 2 Specific times and detection frequencies of the GPS sounding experiments conducted in July 2021

Fig. 2 Distribution of potential temperature (θ) and specific humidity (q) profiles, and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) heights at 08:00 (a1 and a2), 14:00 (b1 and b2), 20:00 (c1 and c2), and 23:00 (d1 and d2) on 11 July 2021. All times are given in Beijing Time (UTC+8).

Fig. 3 Statistical characteristics of temporal variations of air temperature (a) and relative humidity (RH; b) at heights of 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 10.0 m, as well as soil temperature (c) at sand layer depths of 0.0, 10.0, and 20.0 cm, and soil moisture content (d) at depths of 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 cm in July 2021. The reddish-brown vertical line at 20:00 marks the dividing line between daytime and nighttime.

Fig. 4 Diurnal variations of soil heat flux at sand layer depths of 10.0 and 20.0 cm (a), sensible heat flux (b), latent heat flux (c), and Bowen ratio (d) in July 2021. The reddish-brown vertical line at 20:00 marks the dividing line between daytime and nighttime.

Fig. 5 Statistical characteristics of temporal variations of stability parameter (z/L, where z is the height and L is the Obukhov length; a) and friction velocity (u_*; b) in July 2021. The reddish-brown vertical line at 20:00 marks the dividing line between daytime and nighttime.

Fig. 6 Diurnal variation characteristics of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE; a), buoyancy term (b), and shear term (c) in July 2021. The reddish-brown vertical line at 20:00 marks the dividing line between daytime and nighttime.

Fig. 7 Distribution characteristics of normalized wind speeds in the u-direction (σ_u/u_*; a and b), v-direction (σ_v/u_*; c and d), and w-direction (σ_w/u_*; e and f) under unstable (-z/L) and stable (z/L) stratifications. σ_u, σ_v, and σ_w denote the standard deviations of three-dimensional wind speeds, respectively.

Fig. 8 Variation characteristics of normalized TKE ($\bar{e} / u_{*}^{2}$, where $\bar{e}$ is the TKE) under unstable (–z/L; a) and stable (z/L; b) stratifications

Fig. 9 Distribution characteristics of normalized temperature (σ_T/T_∗, where σ_T is the standard deviation of temperature and T_∗ is the characteristic temperature) under unstable (-z/L; a) and stable (z/L; b) stratifications, as well as normalized humidity (σ_q/q_∗, where σ_q is the standard deviation of specific humidity and q_∗ is the characteristic humidity) under unstable (-z/L; c) and stable (z/L; d) stratifications

Fig. 10 Normalized spectrum (nS_u/u2 *) distributions with dimensionless frequency (nz/U) for three distinct periods (07:30, 16:00, and 20:00) on 5 July 2021. n denotes frequency; S_u denotes power spectral density for the wind speed component of u; nz/U denotes the dimensionless frequency; U denotes the mean wind speed.

Fig. 11 Variation characteristics of normalized spectrum (nS_u/u2 *, nS_v/u2 *, and nS_w/u2 *) for wind speed components of u (a), v (b), and w (c) with dimensionless frequencies (nz/U) under different z/L conditions

Fig. 12 ABL heights at different times and the temporal variation of the average ABL height

Fig. 13 Distribution characteristics of the ABL height with TKE during the daytime (08:00-20:00)

Fig. 14 Vertical profiles of (a) air temperature, (b) ozone concentration, (c) ozone concentration difference between 01:35 and 16:15 on 6 July 2016 (height range of 0.0-15,000.0 m), and (d) ozone concentration difference between 01:35 and 16:15 on 6 July 2016 (height range of 15,000.0-30,000.0 m)

Fig. 15 ABL heights retrieved by GPS and TKE on sunny day (4 July 2021; a), precipitation day (14 July 2021; b), and blowing sand day (12 July 2021; c)


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