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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2020, Vol. 12 Issue (5): 752-765    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-020-0022-9     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-020-0022-9
Research article     
Rapid loss of leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China under climate change and mowing from 1982 to 2011
XU Bo, HUGJILTU Minggagud, BAOYIN Taogetao, ZHONG Yankai, BAO Qinghai, ZHOU Yanlin, LIU Zhiying*()
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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Abstract  

Effects of mowing on the composition and diversity of grasslands varied with climate change (e.g., precipitation and temperature). However, the interactive effects of long-term mowing and climate change on the diversity and stability of leguminous and non-leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands are largely unknown. Here, we used in situ monitoring data from 1982 to 2011 to examine the effects of continuous mowing and climate change on the plant biomass and diversity of leguminous and non-leguminous species, and soil total nitrogen in the typical semi-arid grasslands of northern China. Results showed that the biomass and diversity of leguminous species significantly decreased with the increasing in the biomass and diversity of non-leguminous species during the 30-a period. Variations in biomass were mainly affected by the long-term mowing, while variations in diversity were mainly explained by the climate change. Moreover, the normalized change rates of diversity in leguminous species were significantly higher than those in non-leguminous species. Mowing and temperature together contributed to the diversity changes of leguminous species, with mowing accounting for 50.0% and temperature 28.0%. Temporal stability of leguminous species was substantially lower than that of non-leguminous species. Consequently, soil total nitrogen decreased in the 2000s compared with the 1980s. These findings demonstrated that leguminous species were more sensitive to the long-term mowing and climate change than non-leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands. Thus, reseeding appropriate leguminous plants when mowing in the semi-arid grasslands may be a better strategy to improve nitrogen levels of grassland ecosystems and maintain ecosystem biodiversity.

Key words： climate change      diversity      legume      mowing      productivity      succession      temporal stability     
Received: 09 March 2020      Published: 10 September 2020
Corresponding Authors:
About author: *Corresponding author: LIU Zhiying (E-mail: zyliu567@imu.edu.cn)

The first and second authors contributed equally to this work.
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Cite this article:

XU Bo, HUGJILTU Minggagud, BAOYIN Taogetao, ZHONG Yankai, BAO Qinghai, ZHOU Yanlin, LIU Zhiying. Rapid loss of leguminous species in the semi-arid grasslands of northern China under climate change and mowing from 1982 to 2011. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(5): 752-765.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-020-0022-9     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2020/V12/I5/752

Fig. 1 Dynamics of biomass (a) and relative biomass (b) of leguminous species from 1982 to 2011, and normalized change rate (NCR) values of absolute biomass (c) and relative biomass (d) of leguminous and non-leguminous species under mowing and control. Relative biomass of leguminous species is the proportion of AGB of leguminous species to the total biomass of community. Bars are standard errors. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between leguminous and non-leguminous species at P<0.05 level.
Fig. 2 Dynamics of species diversity (a) and relative species diversity (b) of leguminous species from 1982 to 2011, and normalized change rates (NCR) of absolute diversity (c) and relative diversity (d) of leguminous and non-leguminous species under mowing and control. Relative species diversity of leguminous species is the proportion of species diversity of leguminous species to the total species diversity of community. Bars are standard errors. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between leguminous and non-leguminous species at P<0.05 level.
Fig. 3 Pathways for the analysis of changes in leguminous (a) and non-leguminous species (b) biomass, relative biomass decline (c) and net effect value on relative biomass decline of leguminous species (d) under climate change and mowing. Values with arrows represent standardized path coefficients. Solid and dashed arrows represent significant and non-significant paths in a fitted structural equation model (a, χ2=0.96, P=0.81; b, χ2=2.304, P=0.52; c, χ2=20.28, P=0.11). ***, P<0.001 level; **, P<0.01 level; *, P<0.05 level; ns, P>0.05 level; PR, precipitation; TE, temperature; CF, climatic factors; M, mowing; LED, species diversity of leguminous species; LEM, biomass of leguminous species; NLD, species diversity of non-leguminous species; NLM, biomass of non-leguminous species; LRM, relative biomass decline in leguminous species.
Fig. 4 Relationships between aboveground biomass and species diversity of leguminous (a) and non-leguminous (b) species
Fig. 5 Biomass/diversity ratios of leguminous (a) and non-leguminous species (b) from 1982 to 2011. And change rate (CRbiomass/diversity, c) and normalized change rate (NCRbiomass/diversity, d) of biomass/diversity ratios of leguminous and non-leguminous species under mowing and control. Bars are standard errors. Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between leguminous and non-leguminous species at P<0.05 level.
Fig. 6 Structural equation modeling analysis of the pathways representing changes in the diversity effects of leguminous (a) and non-leguminous species (b). Values with arrows represent standardized path coefficients. Solid and dashed arrows respectively represent significant and non-significant paths in a fitted structural equation model (a, χ2=0.01, P=0.99; b, χ2=0.01, P=0.99). ***, P<0.001 level; *, P<0.05 level; ns, P>0.05 level. PR, precipitation; TE, temperature; M, mowing; DEL, diversity effects of leguminous species; DEN, diversity effects of non-leguminous species.
Parameter Treatment Precipitation Temperature
Linear Nonlinear Linear Nonlinear
Biomass Control 0.05 0.34 -0.50* -0.50*
Mowing 0.14 0.30 -0.59** -0.60**
Relative biomass Control -0.03 0.42 -0.32 -0.33
Mowing 0.02 0.54* -0.57** -0.50*
Species diversity Control 0.25 0.31 -0.56** -0.58**
Mowing 0.09 0.44 -0.46* -0.64**
Relative species diversity Control 0.22 0.19 -0.39* -0.62**
Mowing 0.03 0.32 -0.38* -0.60**
Table 1 Regression coefficients of biomass and species diversity of leguminous species with climatic factors under control and mowing treatments from 1982 to 2011
Fig. 7 (a) Temporal stability of aboveground biomass on non-leguminous species (NL), leguminous species (LE), and main leguminous plant species (CS, Caragana sinica; AG, Astragalus galactites; MR, Melissilus ruthenicus; OM, Oxytropis myriophylla; TI, Thermopsis lanceolate; AA, Astragalus adsurgens). (b) Linear regression between temporal stability and relative biomass.
Table 2 Correlation coefficients of relative biomass among six leguminous species under mowing (light gray shading) and control (dark grey shading)
Fig. 8 Mowing effect on soil total nitrogen content (a) and response ratios in the 1980s and 2000s (b). *, P<0.05 level; ns, P>0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. S1 Characteristics of precipitation (a) and temperature (b) during the growing season from 1982 to 2011
Fig. S2 AGB (a and b) and H (c and d) in non-leguminous species from 1982 to 2011. Inset bar graphs in the four panels compare the variable changes between control (black) and mowing (white) from 1982 to 2011. **, P<0.01 level; *, P<0.05 level; ns, P>0.05 level. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. S3 Biomass/diversity ratios of both leguminous (a) and non-leguminous (b) species under mowing and control. **, P<0.01 level. Bars are standard errors.
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