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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2026, Vol. 18 Issue (2): 280-303    DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridl.2025.09.001    
Research article     
Analysis of bank slope stability considering vegetation hydro-mechanical reinforcement
TIAN Nianfeng1,2, ZHANG Lingkai1,2,*(), SUN Jin1,2
1 College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Conservancy Engineering Safety and Water Disaster Prevention and Control, Urumqi 830052, China
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Abstract  

The banks in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River in China are weak in erosion resistance and prone to collapse. Vegetation, as a natural reinforcement material, can effectively improve slope stability and curb soil erosion. In March and July 2023, a field survey was conducted on the types and distribution characteristics of vegetation along both banks of a certain section in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Taking COMSOL Multiphysics as the finite element numerical simulation platform, we investigated the variation law of bank slope stability in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River under different root morphologies, considering changes in transpiration time, rainfall, and water level under the action of hydro-mechanical reinforcement. The findings showed that vegetation transpiration has a significant effect on soil pore water pressure. Given the same transpiration rate, shorter root systems produced greater pore water pressure. For equal root lengths, the pore water pressures generated by roots in exponential and triangular morphologies were significantly greater than those generated by roots in uniformly distributed and parabolic morphologies. The water absorption capacity of the root system increased with transpiration rate. After 7 d of transpiration, the maximum safety factor of the bank slope reinforced by exponential roots was 1.568, which was a 9.88% improvement over that of the bare slope. After 24 h of rainfall, the effect of vegetation transpiration on soil pore water pressure weakened rapidly; the pore water pressure of the surface soil generated by transpiration from vegetation with different root morphologies was concentrated near -10.00 kPa. After rainfall, the displacement of the exponential root reinforced slope was minimized to 0.137 m. The effect of transpiration-induced changes in substrate suction on slope stability was negligible during the rainfall period. Compared with that of the bare slope, the displacements of bank slopes reinforced by root systems significantly increased. The maximum displacement occurred when the water level changed by 1.5 m/d; the displacement of the bare slope was 0.554 m, whereas the displacements of bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies were 0.260-0.273 m. The impact of vegetation transpiration on the safety factor of riverbanks under sudden water level drops was relatively minor, but it can enhance the stability of riverbanks to a certain extent. Among these, riverbanks reinforced by roots in triangular and exponential morphologies exhibited superior stability compared with those reinforced by uniformly distributed or parabolic root systems. The findings offer a theoretical basis and practical guidance for designing vegetation slope protection in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River.

Key words： bank slope      slope stability      root morphologies      vegetation transpiration      COMSOL Multiphysics      Tarim River     
Received: 17 May 2025      Published: 28 February 2026
Corresponding Authors: *ZHANG Lingkai (E-mail: xjauzhanglk@163.com)
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TIAN Nianfeng
ZHANG Lingkai
SUN Jin
Cite this article:

TIAN Nianfeng, ZHANG Lingkai, SUN Jin. Analysis of bank slope stability considering vegetation hydro-mechanical reinforcement. Journal of Arid Land, 2026, 18(2): 280-303.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1016/j.jaridl.2025.09.001     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2026/V18/I2/280

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of bank collapse (a and b) and riverbed shrinkage (c and d) of the Tarim River
Fig. 2 Photos showing the four plant species selected in the study. (a), Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima; (b), Alhagi camelorum; (c), Haloxylon ammodendron.
Fig. 3 Simplification of the four plant species
Fig. 4 Root distribution function of different root morphology types. β(Z) is the root shape function, where Z indicates the root depth perpendicular to the slope.
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of test device. (a), plan view; (b), section view. d, diameter.
Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value
Zr (m) 0.050 θs (cm3/cm3) 0.35 Rh (%) 53.00±7.00
ρd (kg/m3) 1496 θr (cm3/cm3) 0.05 Φ (W/m2) 29±1
ks (m/s) 2.2×10-6 Ta (°C) 22±1
Table 1 Main parameters in model test
Fig. 6 Pore water pressure diagrams when transpiration time was 0 d (a), 7 d (b), 14 d (c), and 20 (d). The black line in the figure represents the root zone.
Fig. 7 Comparison between simulation values and measurement values of soil matric suction
Fig. 8 Schematic of the bank slope model
Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value
c′ (kPa) 4.60 n 1.92 θr (cm3/cm3) 0.05
ϕ (°) 22.5 m 0.5 ρdmax (g/cm3) 1.59
ks (m/s) 2.2×10-6 α 0.44 v 0.35
Zr (m) 0.400, 0.700, and 1.000 θs (cm3/cm3) 0.35 e 0.78
Table 2 Model parameters
Fig. 9 Model grid and boundary setting diagram
Fig. 10 Initial pore water pressure (a) and initial stress (b) contour maps obtained from the seepage calculation under the starting conditions. The black line in the figure represents the root zone.
Fig. 11 Distribution of pore water pressure generated by roots in different root morphologies at a root depth of 0.400 m under the average transpiration rate (4.40 mm/d). (a), uniformly distributed root; (b), triangular root; (c), exponential root; (d), parabolic root.
Fig. 12 Distribution of pore water pressure generated by roots in different root morphologies at a root depth of 0.700 m under the average transpiration rate (4.40 mm/d). (a), uniformly distributed root; (b), triangular root; (c), exponential root; (d), parabolic root.
Fig. 13 Distribution of pore water pressure generated by roots in different root morphologies at a root depth of 1.000 m under the average transpiration rate (4.40 mm/d). (a), uniformly distributed root; (b), triangular root; (c), exponential root; (d), parabolic root.
Fig. 14 Distribution of pore water pressure generated by roots in different root morphologies at a root depth of 1.000 m under the maximum transpiration rate (6.56 mm/d). (a), uniformly distributed root; (b), triangular root; (c), exponential root; (d), parabolic root.
Fig. 15 Distribution of pore water pressure generated by roots in different root morphologies at a root depth of 1.000 m under the minimum transpiration rate (1.61 mm/d). (a), uniformly distributed root; (b), triangular root; (c), exponential root; (d), parabolic root.
Fig. 16 Safety factors of the bare slope and bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies after 7 d of transpiration. A-E indicate bare slope, uniformly distributed root bank slope, triangular root bank slope, exponential root bank slope, and parabolic root bank slope, respectively.
Fig. 17 Distribution of 24-h pore water pressure of slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies under 96.00 mm/d rainfall condition. (a), uniformly distributed root bank slope; (b), triangular root bank slope; (c), exponential root bank slope; (d), parabolic root bank slope.
Fig. 18 Variations in safety factor of the bare slope and bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies before and after rainfall. A-E indicate bare slope, uniformly distributed root bank slope, triangular root bank slope, exponential root bank slope, and parabolic root bank slope, respectively.
Fig. 19 Displacement diagram of the bare slope and bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies after rainfall. (a), bare slope; (b), uniformly distributed root bank slope; (c), triangular root bank slope; (d), exponential root bank slope; (e), parabolic root bank slope.
Fig. 20 Displacement diagram of the bare slope and bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies following declines in water level. (a1-a4), bare slope; (b1-b4), uniformly distributed root bank slope; (c1-c4), triangular root bank slope; (d1-d4), exponential root bank slope; (e1-e4), parabolic root bank slope.
Fig. 21 Safety factor diagram of the bare slope and bank slopes reinforced by roots in different morphologies following declines in water level. A-E indicate bare slope, uniformly distributed root bank slope, triangular root bank slope, exponential root bank slope, and parabolic root bank slope, respectively.
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