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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (7): 925-942    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0060-9
Research article     
Climate and topography regulate the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure in Northwest China
DU Lan1,2,3, TIAN Shengchuan1,2,3, ZHAO Nan1,2,3, ZHANG Bin1,2,3, MU Xiaohan1,2,3, TANG Lisong1,3, ZHENG Xinjun1,3,*(), LI Yan4
1State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, China
4State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Abstract  

Soil salinization may affect biodiversity and species composition, leading to changes in the plant community structure. However, few studies have explored the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure at the ecosystem scale. Therefore, we conducted a transect sampling of desert shrublands in Northwest China during the growing season (June-September) in 2021. Soil salinization (both the degree and type), shrub community structure (e.g., shrub density and height), and biodiversity parameters (e.g., Simpson diversity, Margalf abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and Pielou evenness indices) were used to assess the effects of soil salinization on shrub community structure. The results showed that the primary degree of soil salinization in the study area was light salinization, with the area proportion of 69.8%. Whereas the main type of soil salinization was characterized as sulfate saline soil, also accounting for 69.8% of the total area. Notably, there was a significant reduction in the degree of soil salinization and a shift in the type of soil salinization from chloride saline soil to sulfate saline soil, with an increase in longitude. Regional mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual evapotranspiration (MAE), elevation, and slope significantly contributed to soil salinization and its geochemical differentiation. As soil salinization intensified, shrub community structure displayed increased diversity and evenness, as indicated by the increases in the Simpson diversity, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and Pielou evenness indices. Moreover, the succulent stems and leaves of Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae exhibited clear advantages under these conditions. Furthermore, regional climate and topography, such as MAP, MAE, and elevation, had greater effects on the distribution of shrub plants than soil salinization. These results provide a reference for the origin and pattern of soil salinization in drylands and their effects on the community structure of halophyte shrub species.

Key words： soil salinization      halophytes      shrubland      climate change      biodiversity      drylands      Northwest China     
Received: 31 January 2024      Published: 31 July 2024
Corresponding Authors: * ZHENG Xinjun (E-mail: zhengxj@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
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DU Lan
TIAN Shengchuan
ZHAO Nan
ZHANG Bin
MU Xiaohan
TANG Lisong
ZHENG Xinjun
LI Yan
Cite this article:

DU Lan, TIAN Shengchuan, ZHAO Nan, ZHANG Bin, MU Xiaohan, TANG Lisong, ZHENG Xinjun, LI Yan. Climate and topography regulate the spatial pattern of soil salinization and its effects on shrub community structure in Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(7): 925-942.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0060-9     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I7/925

Fig. 1 Geographical overview of the study area and location of the sampling plots. MAP, mean annual precipitation. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (GS(2023)2767) from the Standard Map Service System (http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/index.html) marked by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, and the standard map has not been modified.
Plot ID Latitude Longitude Elevation
(m)		 Dominant species
A 45°21′20′′N 85°00′17′′E 280 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, Anabasis brevifolia, and Haloxylon ammodendron#
B 45°10′30′′N 84°58′58′′E 290 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron#
C 45°29′50′′N 85°30′24′′E 260 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron#
D 45°30′20′′N 85°12′27′′E 280 Anabasis brevifolia, Haloxylon ammodendron#, and Kalidium foliatum
E 45°07′22′′N 86°01′41′′E 340 Tamarix ramosissima#, Reaumuria songarica, Nitraria tangutorum, and Haloxylon ammodendron
F 44°09′48′′N 88°42′32′′E 610 Tamarix ramosissima#, Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Suaeda microphylla, and Kalidium foliatum
G 44°45′42′′N 89°13′05′′E 540 Nitraria tangutorum, Anabasis brevifolia, Ephedra major, Reaumuria songarica, Calligonum mongolicum, and Haloxylon ammodendron#
H 44°51′08′′N 90°01′06′′E 650 Haloxylon ammodendron# and Halostachys caspica
I 44°23′45′′N 90°38′47′′ 830 Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron#, and Kalidium foliatum
J 44°04′28′′N 90°26′52′′E 920 Nitraria tangutorum# and Ceratoides latens
K 44°12′01′′N 90°08′37′′E 760 Haloxylon persicum#, Atraphaxis bracteata, Anabasis brevifolia, Calligonum mongolicum, Artemisia ordosica, Haloxylon ammodendron, and Ceratoides latens
L 45°17′14′′N 90°09′54′′E 1200 Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron#
M 46°55′54′′N 88°54′11′′E 830 Anabasis brevifolia and Haloxylon ammodendron#
N 46°43′28′′N 87°43′32′′E 570 Salsola laricifolia, Tamarix ramosissima, Halimodendron halodendron, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron#, and Ceratoides latens
O 45°58′52′′N 85°50′28′′E 280 Tamarix ramosissima#, Anabasis brevifolia, Reaumuria songarica, and Haloxylon ammodendron
P 46°00′43′′N 86°24′44′′E 320 Tamarix ramosissima, Nitraria roborowskii, Nitraria sibirica, Haloxylon ammodendron#, and Kalidium foliatum
Q 41°49′04′′N 97°02′10′′E 1740 Nitraria tangutorum, Reaumuria songarica, Haloxylon ammodendron#, and Halostachys caspica
R 42°12′21′′N 101°05′60′′E 920 Tamarix ramosissima#
S 41°52′03′′N 100°32′52′′E 970 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima#, and Lycium ruthenicum
T 41°48′56′′N 100°28′05′′E 980 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima#, Reaumuria songarica, and Calligonum mongolicum
U 41°41′49′′N 103°07′57′′E 1010 Reaumuria songarica#
V 41°17′58′′N 104°08′37′′E 800 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima#, Haloxylon ammodendron, and Kalidium foliatum
W 40°43′59′′N 104°30′36′′E 1320 Nitraria tangutorum# and Reaumuria songarica
X 40°51′29′′N 106°44′31′′E 1040 Haloxylon ammodendron#
Y 40°33′55′′N 106°22′33′′E 1040 Nitraria tangutorum, Tamarix ramosissima, and Haloxylon ammodendron#
Z 40°34′24′′N 106°22′00′′E 1050 Nitraria tangutorum, Sarcozygium xanthoxylum#, and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus
A1 40°45′41′′N 105°22′37′′E 1180 Nitraria tangutorum, Potaninia mongolica, Reaumuria songarica, and Kalidium foliatum#
B1 40°39′50′′N 107°33′49′′E 1040 Artemisia ordosica and Salix cheilophila#
C1 40°25′48′′N 108°39′24′′E 1120 Artemisia ordosica and Salix cheilophila#
D1 40°21′48′′N 109°25′23′′E 1080 Hedysarum scoparium#, Caragana sinica, and Artemisia ordosica
E1 40°22′20′′N 109°26′35′′E 1070 Caragana sinica, Artemisia ordosica, and Salix cheilophila#
F1 40°12′20′′N 110°50′23′′E 1040 Caragana sinica, Artemisia ordosica, and Salix cheilophila#
Table S1 Summary of the shrub plant communities in the 72 sampling plots in Northwest China
Classification system Soil type Criteria
Classification system based on American Soil Salinity Classification System# Non-salinized soil TS≤5 mg/kg
Slightly salinized soil 5 mg/kg<TS≤10 mg/kg
Moderately salinized soil 10 mg/kg<TS≤15 mg/kg
Severely salinized soil 15 mg/kg<TS≤20 mg/kg
Classification system based on anion of salt types## Sulfate saline soil Cl-/SO42-≤0.2
Chloride-sulfate saline soil 0.2<Cl-/SO42-≤1.0
Sulfate-chloride saline 1.0<Cl-/SO42-≤4.0
Chloride saline soil Cl-/SO42->4.0
Table 1 Classification of soil salinization
Fig. 2 Variations of soil salinization degree, MAP, and elevation (a) and soil salinization type, mean annual evapotranspiration (MAE), and slope (b) along the longitudinal gradient. Note that soil salinization degree and type are expressed as soil total salt (TS) and Cl-/SO42-, respectively. Black solid line indicates significant relationship between soil salinization and longitude (P<0.050). Shaded area represents 95% confidence interval. R2 and P values represent the linear relationship between soil salinization and longitude.
Fig. 3 Effects of topographical (a, b, c, and d) and climatic (e, f, g, and h) factors on soil salinization degree and type. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the P<0.050 level. Since there were few sampling plots with non-salinized soil (n=2, where n is the total number of sampling plots), they were not plotted in this figure. Black dots indicate the data points of elevation, slope, MAP, and MAE. Box boundaries indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers below and above the box indicate the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively. The black horizontal line within each box indicates the median of data points.
Fig. 4 TWINSPAN tree classification of the 78 sampling plots. The heat map shows data on the abundance of the dominant species in the corresponding quadrats below the cluster tree. The clustering results of the quadrats (four-layer classification) are at the top of the figure, and the clustering results of shrub species are on the left of the figure. n is the total number of sampling plots. The dominant species and sampling plots in each association are shown in Table S2.
Fig. S1 Geographical distribution of shrub associations along the longitudinal gradient in Northwest China
Fig. S2 Pearson's correlations among longitude, soil salinization, and parameters of shrub community structure. The size of the colored circle indicates the degree of correlation. *, P<0.050 level; **, P<0.010 level; ***, P<0.001 level.
Association Cluster name Sampling plots
I Haloxylon ammodendron+Haloxylon persicum+Ceratoides latens K, W2, Y2, and Z2
II Haloxylon ammodendron+Anabasis brevifolia+Tamarix ramosissima A, C, D, E, G, H, I, L, M, O, P, R, U2, V, X, and X2
III Nitraria tangutorum+Reaumuria songarica+ Tamarix ramosissima N, S, V2, and Y
IV Reaumuria songarica+Nitraria tangutorum+Salsola passerina A1, A2, B, D2, E2, F, F2, I2, J, J2, M2, N2, O1, O2, P2, Q, Q2, R2, S2, T, T2, U, W, X1, and Z1
V Reaumuria songarica+Nitraria tangutorum+Kalidium foliatum L2, M1, and N1
VI Calligonum mongolicum+Reaumuria songarica+Halostachys caspica H2, K2, U1, and Z
VII Reaumuria songarica+Tetraena mongolica+
Salix cheilophila		 B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, E1, F1, G1, G2, H1, J1, K1, P1, R1, S1, T1, V1, W1, and Y1
VIII Tetraena mongolica+Suaeda microphylla I1, L1, and Q1
Table S2 Dominant species and sampling plots in each association
Fig. 5 Comparison of shrub density (a), shrub height (b), aboveground biomass (c), and shrub canopy (d) among the eight shrub associations. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different associations at the P<0.050 level. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 6 Comparison of the Simpson diversity (a), Shannon-Wiener diversity (b), Pielou evenness (c), and Margalf abundance (d) indices among the eight shrub associations. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different associations at the P<0.050 level. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 7 Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) of the eight shrub associations (a) and their affecting variables of soil salinization, climate, and topography (b). In the left panel, different colors and areas correspond to the distribution ranges of shrub associations. CCA1 and CCA2 are the first and second axes of CCA, respectively. EBC, exchangeable base cation.
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