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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (11): 1522-1540    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0033-z    
Research article     
Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau
LI Qing1,2, LI Dan2, WANG Sheng2,*(), WANG Jinfeng2, WANG Rende1, FU Gang1, YUAN Yixiao1, ZHENG Zhenhua1
1Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Geographic Information Application, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
2School of Geographical Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Abstract  

As one of typical areas in the world, northern Chinese Loess Plateau experiences serious wind-water erosion, which leads to widespread land degradation. During the past decades, an ecological engineering was implemented to reduce soil erosion and improve soil protection in this area. Thus, it is necessary to recognize the basic characteristics of soil protection for sustainable prevention and wind-water erosion control in the later stage. In this study, national wind erosion survey model and revised universal soil loss equation were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau during 2000-2020. Results revealed that: (1) during 2000-2020, total amount of soil protection reached up to 15.47×108 t, which was realized mainly through water and soil conservation, accounting for 63.20% of the total; (2) soil protection was improved, with increases in both soil protection amount and soil retention rate. The amounts of wind erosion reduction showed a decrease trend, whereas the retention rate of wind erosion reduction showed an increase trend. Both water erosion reduction amount and retention rate showed increasing trends; and (3) the combined effects of climate change and human activities were responsible for the improvement of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau. The findings revealed the spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces of soil protection, and proposed strategies for future soil protection planning in Chinese Loess Plateau, which might provide valuable references for soil erosion control in other wind-water erosion areas of the world.

Key words： soil protection      driving force      trade-off      synergy      wind-water erosion      Loess Plateau     
Received: 22 January 2024      Published: 30 November 2024
Corresponding Authors: *WANG Sheng (E-mail: wangsheng@sxnu.edu.cn)
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LI Qing
LI Dan
WANG Sheng
WANG Jinfeng
WANG Rende
FU Gang
YUAN Yixiao
ZHENG Zhenhua
Cite this article:

LI Qing, LI Dan, WANG Sheng, WANG Jinfeng, WANG Rende, FU Gang, YUAN Yixiao, ZHENG Zhenhua. Spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of soil protection in the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(11): 1522-1540.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0033-z     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I11/1522

Fig. 1 Location and digital elevation model (DEM) of the wind-water erosion area of Chinese Loess Plateau. Note that the figure is based on the standard map (GS(2022)4309) of the Map Service System (https://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/), and the boundary has not been modified.
Data type Date Resolution Processing Data source
Meteorological data Hourly wind speed 1 km×1 km Using ANUSPLINE, meteorological data were interpolated to raster data National Climate Data Center
Monthly precipitation 1 km×1 km China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Service Network
Remote sensing data LULC 30 m×30 m LULC, soil type, NDVI, and DEM data were uniformly processed into raster data with a spatial resolution of 1 km×
1 km		 Wuhan University's Annual China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD)
Soil type 1:1,000,000 Resources and Environmental Science and Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
NDVI MODIS 1 km/16d United States Geological Survey
DEM 30 m×30 m Geospatial Data Cloud
Boundary of wind erosion area in northern China Vector Water Conservancy Census of China
Boundary of Loess Plateau Vector Resources and Environmental Science and Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Table 1 Data information and sources
Fig. 2 Inter-annual variations in soil protection service (a), wind erosion reduction (b), water erosion reduction (c), soil protection retention rate (d), wind erosion reduction retention rate (e), and soil protection retention rate (f). Red lines and functions represent the overall trend lines and trend functions for each parameter during 2000-2020, respectively; and black dashed lines represent the overall trend lines for each parameter during 2000-2009 and 2010-2020.
Fig. 3 Spatial patterns of soil protection (a), wind erosion reduction (b), water erosion reduction (c), soil protection retention rate (d), wind erosion reduction retention rate (e), and water erosion reduction retention rate (f) in the wind-water erosion area of the Loess Plateau during 2000-2020
Fig. 4 Changes of soil protection service (a), wind erosion reduction (b), water erosion reduction (c), soil protection retention rate (d), wind erosion reduction retention rate (e), and water erosion reduction retention rate (f) in the wind-water erosion area of the Loess Plateau during 2000−2020
Fig. 5 Spatial relationship between wind erosion reduction and water erosion reduction
Fig. 6 Trade-off and synergy between wind erosion reduction and water erosion reduction under different land use types (a), digital elevation model (DEM; b), and slopes (c)
Fig. 7 Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) plots of wind speed and wind erosion reduction (a), precipitation and wind erosion reduction (b), and vegetation coverage and wind erosion reduction (c). NS, not significant; L-L, low-low; L-H, low-high; H-L, high-low; H-H, high-high. The abbreviations are the same in Figure 8.
Fig. 8 Localized LISA plots of precipitation and water erosion reduction (a), vegetation coverage and water erosion reduction (b), and slope and water erosion reduction (c)
Land use type Farmland Forest land Grassland Water body Construction land Unused land Decreasing area
(km2)
Farmland 56,228 1030 36,437 619 208 0 38,294
Forest land 313 7025 3743 6 8 0 4070
Grassland 29,296 5420 171,721 482 5185 1953 42,336
Water body 445 15 279 661 35 128 902
Construction land 1152 0 14,416 122 11,489 343 16,033
Unused land 1262 0 1814 70 39 776 3185
Increasing area 32,468 6465 56,689 1299 5475 2424 -
Table 2 Land use area transfer matrix from 2000 to 2020
Fig. 9 Changes in wind erosion reduction and water erosion reduction under three scenarios (business as usual (BAU; a and d), ecological conservation (EC; b and e), and economic growth (EG; c and f))
Fig. S1 Inter-annual variations of soil erosion modulus (a), wind erosion modulus (b), and water erosion modulus (c). Red lines and functions represent the overall trend lines and trend functions for each parameter during 2000-2020, and black dashed lines and functions represent the overall trend lines for each parameter during 2000-2009 and 2010-2020.
Fig. S2 Spatial distribution patterns of soil erosion modulus (a), wind erosion modulus (b), and water erosion modulus (c)
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