Evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation methods on the growth and survival of tree seedlings in an arid climate

doi:10.1007/s40333-020-0012-y

Journal of Arid Land

2020, Vol. 12

Issue (3): 495-507 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-020-0012-y CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-020-0012-y

Research article

Evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation methods on the growth and survival of tree seedlings in an arid climate

Zahra JAFARI^1,^*(

), SayedHamid MATINKHAH¹, Mohammad R MOSADDEGHI², Mostafa TARKESH¹

¹ Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
² Department of Soil Science, Department of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran

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Abstract

Scarce and scattered precipitation in arid regions is detrimental for newly planted seedlings. It is essential to provide required water storage for seedlings in restoration projects in the first year of their establishment. The subsurface irrigation can be much more effective than the surface irrigation because of the regulation of water availability and reduction in water evaporation. We studied the effect of surface and subsurface irrigation methods on the growth and survival of four common tree species including heaven tree (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), China berry (Melia azedarach L.), white mulberry (Morus alba L.), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) by installing underground clay reservoirs with different permeabilities in Isfahan City, Iran. Different amounts of animal manure and wheat straw were mixed with clay fraction and cooked in a pottery kiln at 900°C to produce reservoirs with different permeabilities. The experimental treatments consisting of irrigation and tree species were considered with a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2016 and 2017. Leaf water potential of seedlings, which is indirectly related to drought resistance, was measured by a portable pressure chamber. The results showed that saplings height, basal diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the subsurface irrigation with low permeability than in the surface irrigation, but the number of branches of the studied species were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the irrigation methods and different permeabilities of clay reservoirs. The clay reservoirs with low and medium permeabilities constantly provide better conditions for plant growth, and water with lower pressure and longer time intervals to the plant roots as compared with the reservoirs with high permeability. Analysis of variance of the data showed that year and interaction between year and permeability of reservoir had significant effects (P<0.05) on all growth parameters, except for the chlorophyll content. In addition, the highest percentage of survival was 100% associated with the subsurface irrigation and the control treatment had the lowest survival percentages of 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% for M. alba, M. azedarach, A. altissima and R. pseudoacacia, respectively. Finally, the values of leaf water potential showed that R. pseudoacacia was the most drought resistant species.

Key words： subsurface irrigation clay reservoirs permeability restoration arid area

Received: 07 June 2019 Published: 10 May 2020

Corresponding Authors:

About author: ^*Corresponding author: Zahra JAFARI (E-mail: jafariz68@yahoo.com)

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	JAFARI Zahra
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	TARKESH Mostafa

Cite this article:

Zahra JAFARI, SayedHamid MATINKHAH, Mohammad R MOSADDEGHI, Mostafa TARKESH. Evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation methods on the growth and survival of tree seedlings in an arid climate. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(3): 495-507.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-020-0012-y OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2020/V12/I3/495

Fig. 1 Clay reservoirs used in this study (a) and view of the project implementation (b)

Table 1 Geometric properties of the clay reservoirs used in this study

Table 2 Chemical properties of the irrigation water

Table 3 Soil physical and chemical properties

Table 4 Water depletion percentage of the clay reservoirs with different permeabilities after 24 h

Fig. 2 Water depletion percentage of the clay reservoirs with different permeabilities with time. The clay reservoir types of R1-R5 are explained in Table 4.

Table 5 Analysis of variance of the growth indicators of plant species under different treatments

Year	Species	Growth indicator	Reservoir's permeability treatment
Year	Species	Growth indicator	Low	Medium	High	Control
2016	A. altissima	Height (cm)	115.0±0.01^a	105.3±5.77^a	90.7±15.27^b	80.3±25.10^b
		Basal diameter (cm)	24.5±1.5^a	22.9±0.8^a	20. 6±3.9^a	15.0±3.6^b
		No. of branches	2±0.5^a	2±0.9^a	2±1.0^a	2±1.0^a
		No. of leaves	26±1.5^a	24±3.2^a	19±3.1^b	16±5.1^c
		Relative chlorophyll content	27.69±5.1^a	25.39±3.8^a	20.44±7.1^b	17.40±2.1^c
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	40.86±3.3^a	37.47±1.5^a	29.36±5.9^b	23.26±4.6^c
	M. azedarach	Height (cm)	143.3±0.10^a	133.3±2.80^a	110.0±5.80^b	103.3±5.70^b
		Basal diameter (cm)	23.5±0.2^a	22.7±2.5^a	19.6±0.2^a	19.4±0.1^a
		No. of branches	3±2.0^a	3±1.2^a	3±3.0^a	3±1.0^a
		No. of leaves	234±1.0^a	218±1.5^a	195±4.9^b	168±6.2^c
		Chlorophyll content	60.15±5.0^a	57.67±3.9^a	45.95±7.2^b	40.82±2.0^c
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	60.96±3.0^a	55.90±6.9^a	47.46±1.8^b	39.93±1.9^c
	M. alba	Height (cm)	130.0±0.01^a	123.6±6.01^a	110.0±8.00^b	101.6±2.88^b
		Basal diameter	23.0±2.0^a	20.6±1.2^a	20.0±1.3^a	17.3±0.2^b
		No. of branches	14±3.0^a	14±3.0^a	13±3.0^a	13±3.0^a
		No. of leaves	232±7.8^a	328±3.0^a	288±10.0^b	250±9.0^c
		Relative chlorophyll content	39.47±7.3^a	36.10±3.0^a	27.16±2.1^b	25.13±2.3^b
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	44.70±2.5^a	42.20±1.4^a	36.60±2.7^b	30.50±2.1^c
	R. pseudoacacia	Height (cm)	130.0±5.70^a	126.5±3.00^a	113.3±0.50^b	96.6±5.80^c
		Basal diameter (cm)	19.4±0.4^a	19.3±2.0^a	18.3±0.8^a	14.3±0.0^b
		No. of branches	6±3.0^a	6±3.0^a	6±3.0^a	6±3.0^a
		No. of leaves	59±3.0^a	50±1.0^a	40±3.1^b	32±2.0^c
		Relative chlorophyll content	18.19±2.5^a	17.77±1.4^a	12.95±7.6^b	12.02±5.7^a
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	28.60±3.5^a	28.60±2.0^a	21.23±3.6^b	21.00±1.3^b
2017	A. altissima	Height (cm)	146.6±5.77^a	137.3±5.01^a	113.3±3.01^b	90.0±5.10^c
		Basal diameter (cm)	35.1±2.2^a	30.1±2.9^a	26.64±1.1^a	17.6±3.1^b
		No. of branches	5±3.0^a	5±3.0^a	5±3.0^a	5±3.0^a
		No. of leaves	40±1.2^a	37±1.0^a	31±3.6^b	29±1.5^b
		Chlorophyll content	29.20±0.0^a	27.31±3.1^a	22.19±1.6^b	19.26±1.0^c
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	41.26±6.0^a	37.46±4.5^a	30.86±6.0^b	23.36±10.0^c
	M. azedarach	Height (cm)	175.6±4.10^a	168.3±3.77^a	147.3±5.13^b	133.3±2.09^b
		Basal diameter (cm)	31.0±1.5^a	29.6±2.0^a	26.8±0.3^a	20.6±4.0^b
		No. of branches	8±3.0^a	8±3.0^a	8±3.0^a	8±3.0^a
		No. of leaves	360±7.0^a	341±7.5^a	314±3.1^b	280±4.5^c
		Relative chlorophyll content	62.00±2.0^a	57.75±3.3^a	47.16±6.0^b	40.31±1.2^b
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	60.70±3.8^a	58.00±3.2^a	49.13±5.0^b	40.73±2.3^c
	M. alba	Height (cm)	158.6±1.76^a	145.0±7.00^a	128.0±3.21^b	115.3±3.16^c
		Basal diameter (cm)	26.6±3.0^a	23.1±3.0^a	23.0±2.0^a	20.7±0.0^b
		No. of branches	27±3.0^a	27±2.0^a	26±3.0^a	26±2.5^a
		No. of leaves	500±9.1^a	470±6.9^a	391±5.7^b	360±6.1^c
		Relative chlorophyll content	48.47±1.8^a	46.1±7.5^a	38.16±3.7^b	32.13±1.3^b
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	46.80±1.6^a	42.23±1.01^a	30.86±4.6^b	29.60±4.0^b
	R. pseudoacacia	Height (cm)	146.6±8.01^a	139.6±5.77^a	123.6±3.01^b	106.6±3.20^c
		Basal diameter (cm)	27.5±2.0^a	26.1±2.0^a	25.6±1.0^a	18.0±3.1^b
		No. of branches	14±0.0^a	14±3.0^a	15±3.0^a	16±3.0^a
		No. of leaves	83±1.3^a	79±2.1^a	69±3.0^b	60±6.0^c
		Relative chlorophyll content	17.57±2.5^a	16.81±0.0^a	12.55±1.3^b	11.12±5.4^c
		Stomatal conductance (mmol/(m²?s))	34.46±5.8^a	32.30±0.0^a	24.46±4.5^b	22.00±3.7^b

Table 6 Means' comparisons of growth indictors of plant species under different treatments

Table 7 Survival percentage of the tree saplings as affected by the irrigation systems

Table 8 Analysis of variance of leaf water potential of the tree saplings as affected by the irrigation systems


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