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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2023, Vol. 15 Issue (1): 77-90    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0082-0
Research article     
Effects of water stress on growth phenology photosynthesis and leaf water potential in Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter in North Africa
Lobna MNIF FAKHFAKH, Mohamed CHAIEB()
Laboratory of Ecosystems and Biodiversity in Arid Land of Tunisia (LEBIOMAT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
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Abstract  

Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter is a pastoral C4 grass grown in arid regions. This research work focused on assessing the growth of S. ciliata accessions derived from two different climate regions (a wet arid region in the Bou Hedma National Park in the central and southern part of Tunisia (coded as WA), and a dry arid region from the Matmata Mountain in the south of Tunisia (coded as DA)) under water stress conditions. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the phenological and physiological responses of potted S. ciliata seedlings under different water treatments: T1 (200 mm/a), T2 (150 mm/a), T3 (100 mm/a) and T4 (50 mm/a). Growth phenology, net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), midday leaf water potential (Ψmd), predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), soil water content (SWC) and soil water potential (Ψs) were observed during the water stress cycle (from December 2016 to November 2017). The obtained results showed that the highest growth potential of the two accessions (WA and DA) was recorded under treatment T1. The two accessions responded differently and significantly to water stress. Photosynthetic parameters, such as Pn and gs, decreased sharply under treatments T2, T3 and T4 compared to treatment T1. The higher water stress increased the R/S ratio (the ratio of root dry biomass to shoot dry biomass), with values of 1.29 and 2.74 under treatment T4 for accessions WA and DA, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied, and the separation of S. ciliata accessions on the first two axes of PCA (PC1 and PC2) suggested that accession DA was detected in the negative extremity of PC1 and PC2 under treatments T1 and T2. This accession was characterized by a high number of spikes. For treatments T3 and T4, both accessions were detected in the negative extremity of PC1 and PC2. They were characterized by a high root dry biomass. Therefore, S. ciliata accessions responded to water stress by displaying significant changes in their behaviours. Accession WA from the Bou Hedma National Park (wet arid region) showed higher drought tolerance than accession DA from the Matmata Mountain (dry arid region). S. ciliata exhibits a significant adaptation capacity for water limitation and may be an important species for ecosystem restoration.

Key words： Stipagrostis ciliata      drought stress      water deficit      gas exchange      arid regions      Tunisia     
Received: 02 June 2022      Published: 31 January 2023
Corresponding Authors: *Mohamed CHAIEB (E-mail: mchaieb133@gmail.com)
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Lobna MNIF FAKHFAKH
Mohamed CHAIEB
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Lobna MNIF FAKHFAKH, Mohamed CHAIEB. Effects of water stress on growth phenology photosynthesis and leaf water potential in Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter in North Africa. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(1): 77-90.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0082-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2023/V15/I1/77

Fig. 1 Relative humidity and mean monthly temperature during the experimental period (from December 2016 to November 2017) in a shelter greenhouse in the experimental field in the central and eastern part of Tunisia
Acession Treatment Leaf
(number)		 Spike
(number)		 Tiller
(number)		 Shoot dry
biomass (g/plant)		 Root dry
biomass (g/plant)		 R/S ratio
WA T1 28.33±1.53a 21.33±1.53a 15.00±1.00a 303.33±16.26a 60.66±7.06a 0.20±0.03a
T2 23.00±1.00b 15.66±2.08b 10.00±1.00b 248.00±3.00b 66.00±3.66a 0.27±0.02a
T3 14.33±1.53c 7.00±1.00c 5.00±1.00c 125.00±3.00c 95.00±3.00b 0.76±0.02b
T4 8.17±0.76d 4.00±1.00c 4.00±1.00c 85.00±4.36d 109.00±2.65c 1.29±0.07c
DA T1 21.00±1.00a 32.00±2.00a 13.00±1.00a 182.67±7.37a 19.67±2.08a 0.11±0.01a
T2 16.00±1.00b 24.67±1.53b 7.00±1.00b 128.00±3.00b 25.00±2.00a 0.20±0.02a
T3 8.00±1.00c 7.67±1.53c 4.00±1.00c 72.67±8.74c 66.67±3.79b 0.92±0.08b
T4 4.00±1.00d 3.00±1.00d 2.00±1.00c 46.00±4.58d 125.67±4.04c 2.74±0.18c
Significance
Acession *** *** * * *** *
Acession WA×Treatment *** *** *** *** *** ***
Acession DA×Treatment *** *** *** *** *** ***
Table 1 Effects of accessions and water treatments on the growth phenology and biomass of Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter
Variable Leaf Spike Tiller Shoot dry biomass Root dry biomass R/S ratio Total biomass Ψmd Ψpd Pn gs SWC Ψs
Leaf 1.000
Spike 0.732** 1.000
Tiller 0.923** 0.809** 1.000
Shoot dry biomass 0.968** 0.605* 0.904** 1.000
Root dry biomass -0.616 -0.916 -0.647 -0.469 1.000
R/S ratio -0.804 -0.759 -0.745 -0.708 0.829** 1.000
Total biomass 0.802** 0.249 0.714** 0.908** -0.055 -0.407 1.000
Ψmd -0.694 -0.713 -0.729 -0.621 0.697* 0.668* -0.371 1.000
Ψpd -0.716 -0.749 -0.760 -0.652 0.709** 0.648* -0.400 0.966** 1.000
Pn 0.948** 0.622* 0.919** 0.975** -0.488 -0.675 0.871** -0.655 -0.677 1.000
gs 0.959** 0.753** 0.908** 0.931** -0.670 -0.779 0.734** -0.705 -0.742 0.923** 1.000
SWC 0.922** 0.907** 0.922** 0.848** -0.841 -0.848 0.559* -0.797 -0.818 0.857** 0.943** 1.000
Ψs -0.858 -0.811 -0.819 -0.764 0.812** 0.841** -0.477 0.835** 0.826** -0.771 -0.902 -0.940 1.000
Table 2 Pearson's correlation coefficients among morphological and physiological characteristics of S. ciliata accessions
Acsession Treatment Ψmd (MPa) Ψpd (MPa) Pn (µmol/(m2•s)) gs (mmol/(m2•s)) Ψs (MPa)
WA T1 -0.99±0.10a -0.65±0.18a 62.40±2.62a 244.00±8.64a 0.63±0.02a
T2 -2.28±0.75ab -1.45±0.50ab 40.97±1.76b 216.33±29.10a 1.02±0.12b
T3 -2.20±0.85ab -1.66±0.77ab 18.07±2.00c 130.33±5.69b 1.39±0.11b
T4 -3.57±0.40b -2.63±0.15b 11.60±2.62d 66.00±5.29c 1.14±0.14c
DA T1 -0.74±0.06a -0.51±0.10a 33.17±0.76a 192.67±5.00a 1.00±0.09a
T2 -2.28±0.75b -1.45±0.51ab 23.00±2.00b 161.33±3.00b 1.34±0.20a
T3 -2.20±0.85ab -1.76±0.76b 14.22±0.77c 114.67±5.00c 1.41±0.45b
T4 -3.48±0.28b -2.33±0.15b 7.17±1.04d 73.33±7.64d 1.53±0.36b
Significance
Acession ns ns ** ** ns
Acession WA×Treatment ** ** *** *** ns
Acession DA×Treatment ** ** *** *** ns
Table 3 Effects of accessions and water treatments on the physiological parameters and Ψs of S. ciliata
Fig. 2 Soil water content (SWC) of two S. ciliata accessions under different water treatments. The water treatments (water stress levels) of plants were designed as follows: 200 mm/a for T1, 150 mm/a for T2, 100 mm/a for T3 and 50 mm/a for T4. S. ciliata accession from a wet arid region (Bou Hedma National Park) was coded as WA, and S. ciliata accession from a dry arid region (Matmata Mountain) was coded as DA. Columns with the same lowercase letters are not significantly different between WA and DA, as determined by the Tukey's test (P<0.05).
Fig. 3 Predraw leaf water potential (Ψpd) in S. ciliata accessions WA (a) and DA (b) under different water treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4)
Fig. 4 Biplot of principal component analysis (PCA) showing the separation of phenological and physiological parameters of both S. ciliata accessions (WA and DA) under dfferent water treatments. RD-B, root dry biomass; SD-B, shoot dry biomass; TD-B, total dry biomass; Ψmd, midday leaf water potential; Ψpd, predawn leaf water potential; Ψs, soil water potential; Pn, net photosynthesis; gs, stomatal conductance; SWC, soil water content. Red mark, active variable; blue mark, explicative variable; black mark, accession-treatment.
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