Regulation effects of water and nitrogen on yield, water, and nitrogen use efficiency of wolfberry

doi:10.1007/s40333-024-0003-5

Journal of Arid Land

2024, Vol. 16

Issue (1): 29-45 DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0003-5

Research article

Regulation effects of water and nitrogen on yield, water, and nitrogen use efficiency of wolfberry

GAO Yalin¹, QI Guangping¹^,^*(

), MA Yanlin¹, YIN Minhua¹, WANG Jinghai¹, WANG Chen¹, TIAN Rongrong¹, XIAO Feng¹, LU Qiang¹, WANG Jianjun²

¹College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
²Jingtaichuan Electric Power Irrigation Water Resource Utilization Center in Gansu Province, Baiyin 730900, China

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Abstract

Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is important for health care and ecological protection. However, it faces problems of low productivity and resource utilization during planting. Exploring reasonable models for water and nitrogen management is important for solving these problems. Based on field trials in 2021 and 2022, this study analyzed the effects of controlling soil water and nitrogen application levels on wolfberry height, stem diameter, crown width, yield, and water (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The upper and lower limits of soil water were controlled by the percentage of soil water content to field water capacity (θ_f), and four water levels, i.e., adequate irrigation (W0, 75%-85% θ_f), mild water deficit (W1, 65%-75% θ_f), moderate water deficit (W2, 55%-65% θ_f), and severe water deficit (W3, 45%-55% θ_f) were used, and three nitrogen application levels, i.e., no nitrogen (N0, 0 kg/hm²), low nitrogen (N1, 150 kg/hm²), medium nitrogen (N2, 300 kg/hm²), and high nitrogen (N3, 450 kg/hm²) were implied. The results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly affected plant height, stem diameter, and crown width of wolfberry at different growth stages (P<0.01), and their maximum values were observed in W1N2, W0N2, and W1N3 treatments. Dry weight per plant and yield of wolfberry first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application under the same water treatment. Dry weight per hundred grains and dry weight percentage increased with increasing nitrogen application under W0 treatment. However, under other water treatments, the values first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application. Yield and its component of wolfberry first increased and then decreased as water deficit increased under the same nitrogen treatment. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE, 8.46 kg/(hm²·mm)), WUE (6.83 kg/(hm²·mm)), partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN, 2.56 kg/kg), and NUE (14.29 kg/kg) reached their highest values in W2N2, W1N2, W1N2, and W1N1 treatments. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that yield, WUE, and NUE were better in W1N2 treatment, making it a suitable water and nitrogen management mode for the irrigation area of the Yellow River in the Gansu Province, China and similar planting areas.

Key words： water deficit growth characteristics yield water and nitrogen use efficiency principal component analysis

Received: 21 September 2023 Published: 31 January 2024

Corresponding Authors: *QI Guangping (E-mail: qigp@gsau.edu.cn)

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	GAO Yalin
	QI Guangping
	MA Yanlin
	YIN Minhua
	WANG Jinghai
	WANG Chen
	TIAN Rongrong
	XIAO Feng
	LU Qiang
	WANG Jianjun

Cite this article:

GAO Yalin, QI Guangping, MA Yanlin, YIN Minhua, WANG Jinghai, WANG Chen, TIAN Rongrong, XIAO Feng, LU Qiang, WANG Jianjun. Regulation effects of water and nitrogen on yield, water, and nitrogen use efficiency of wolfberry. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(1): 29-45.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0003-5 OR http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I1/29

Fig. 1 Precipitation and average temperature at wolfberry growing stage from 2021 to 2022

Fig. 2 Experimental plot design (a) and field map (b) of study area. TDR, time domain reflectometer.

Fig. 3 Effects of water (W) and nitrogen (N) application levels on plant height at different wolfberry growth stages in 2021 (a-d) and 2022 (e-h). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in plant height under different water and nitrogen treatments at P<0.05 level. W×N, water and nitrogen interaction. **, P<0.01 level; *, P<0.05 level; ns, no significant difference; W0, 75%-85% field water capacity (θ_f); W1, 65%-75% θ_f; W2, 55%-65% θ_f; W3, 45%-55% θ_f; N0, 0 kg/hm²; N1, 150 kg/hm²; N2, 300 kg/hm²; N3, 450 kg/hm². Bars are standard errors. The abbreviations and treatments are the same as in the following figures and tables.

Fig. 4 Effects of water (W) and nitrogen (N) application levels on stem diameter at different wolfberry growth stages in 2021 (a-d) and 2022 (e-h). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in stem diameter under different water and nitrogen treatments at P<0.05 level. **, P<0.01 level; *, P<0.05 level; ns, no significant difference; Bars are standard errors.

Year	Treat- ment	Vegetative growth stage		Full flowering stage		Summer peak fruit stage		Autumn peak fruit stage
Year	Treat- ment	N-SCW (cm)	E-WCW (cm)	N-SCW (cm)	E-WCW (cm)	N-SCW (cm)	E-WCW (cm)	N-SCW (cm)	E-WCW (cm)
2021	W0N0	37.21±1.13^cde	38.47±1.75^d	49.35±1.98^cde	52.68±1.46^d	58.45±2.39^fg	60.79±1.53^ef	61.96±3.28^fg	64.29±1.48^f
	W0N1	38.58±1.70^bc	40.12±1.25^bcd	51.70±1.1.57^bcd	54.67±2.07^bcd	60.42±1.70^def	63.08±2.24^de	64.13±1.31^def	66.47±1.74^ef
	W0N2	40.19±1.24^abc	41.52±1.23^abc	54.83±2.68^ab	55.90±1.74^abcd	64.22±2.66^bcd	65.88±2.43^bcd	68.36±2.93^bcd	72.02±1.64^bcd
	W0N3	40.40±2.05^abc	41.87±1.42^ab	56.04±2.63^ab	57.31±1.92^abc	66.75±1.70^bc	68.75±3.13^abc	71.06±2.36^bc	73.72±0.73^bc
	W1N0	37.34±2.34^cde	38.58±1.14^b	51.59±3.01^bcd	53.26±2.88^cd	59.76±1.13^efg	61.86±2.93^de	63.29±1.06^efg	66.49±4.81^ef
	W1N1	38.15±1.95^bcd	39.48±1.11^bcd	52.49±2.22^bc	54.89±3.24^bcd	61.13±2.00^def	64.46±2.78^de	65.67±1.63^def	68.47±3.68^de
	W1N2	40.94±1.25^ab	42.14±1.81^ab	56.34±3.79^ab	58.52±2.07^ab	67.64±3.02^ab	69.64±0.87^ab	72.02±2.53^b	75.41±0.83^ab
	W1N3	42.03±1.37^a	43.30±1.59^a	58.77±3.46^a	59.97±2.50^a	70.89±2.44^a	72.22±1.76^a	76.96±2.34^a	78.96±1.75^a
	W2N0	34.31±1.29^ef	34.65±1.08^e	46.94±3.52^defg	46.77±2.83^ef	52.89±2.97^hi	53.59±3.78^gh	55.69±3.16^hi	58.36±1.60^gh
	W2N1	35.36±1.41^def	35.22±1.34^e	48.40±2.53^cdef	48.04±1.66^e	56.45±1.67^gh	57.22±1.27^fgh	59.28±1.94^gh	60.62±0.76^g
	W2N2	39.00±1.50^abc	39.00±1.50^cd	53.59±2.02^abc	53.09±2.66^cd	63.05±1.39^cde	65.93±2.22^bcd	67.36±2.56^cde	71.03±3.04^cd
	W2N3	38.79±1.82^bc	41.13±2.39^abcd	52.31±2.1.98^bcd	54.81±1.32^bcd	60.82±2.02^def	64.82±1.80^cde	65.21±1.75^def	69.15±2.81^de
	W3N0	30.01±3.06^g	32.95±1.33^e	38.97±2.70^h	42.27±2.35^g	43.49±2.62^k	46.82±1.52^j	44.97±2.57^j	48.07±1.53ⁱ
	W3N1	33.00±1.24^fg	34.33±1.43^e	44.92±2.75^efg	45.42±2.29^efg	49.98±1.42^ij	52.64±2.46^hi	52.98±1.43^ij	54.98±1.42^h
	W3N2	33.09±1.17^fg	33.76±1.32^e	43.66±3.65^efg	44.66±2.65^efg	48.80±3.19^ij	50.13±1.13^hij	52.47±3.22^ij	55.63±1.15^h
	W3N3	32.60±1.75^fg	34.03±1.48^e	42.68±4.00^gh	43.21±2.11^fg	47.69±3.67^j	48.99±1.54^ij	49.81±2.72^j	50.84±1.41ⁱ
2022	W0N0	54.63±0.94^ef	57.63±1.98^de	65.13±0.81^gh	68.17±2.69^ef	71.11±1.14^gh	75.18±1.86^fg	74.16±1.77^fg	78.83±2.19^ef
	W0N1	58.13±1.94^de	59.80±1.88^cd	69.13±1.65^efg	71.53±2.06^de	75.51±1.94^efg	77.91±1.95^ef	78.89±1.69^ef	81.71±2.32^de
	W0N2	61.06±3.06^cd	62.73±1.99^def	74.09±2.97^cd	75.71±1.60^bcd	81.49±322^cd	83.56±3.14^cd	85.51±3.93^c	87.76±2.85^c
	W0N3	63.75±1.18^bc	63.75±2.10^bc	76.86±1.23^bc	77.33±2.53^bc	85.36±1.50^bc	87.19±2.77^bc	90.49±1.56^b	92.31±2.03^b
	W1N0	56.63±1.67^e	60.15±1.55^bcd	67.63±1.64^fg	69.23±1.65^ef	74.26±1.08^fg	76.95±1.58^ef	78.22±1.26^ef	81.48±2.46^de
	W1N1	60.65±3.03^cd	61.79±1.39^bcd	72.69±2.95^de	71.53±2.55^de	79.99±3.90^de	79.51±1.60^def	83.99±3.71^cd	83.18±2.09^cde
	W1N2	65.23±1.79^ab	64.57±2.59^ab	79.29±3.01^b	79.95±1.93^ab	88.22±2.60^b	90.31±2.78^b	93.98±3.28^b	95.14±3.27^b
	W1N3	68.33±2.25^a	68.42±2.21^a	83.85±2.58^a	84.29±1.87^a	93.86±2.98^a	95.50±3.07^a	100.16±3.73^a	101.89±3.18^a
	W2N0	50.63±1.43^gh	53.36±2.28^fg	60.07±1.72^ij	62.81±3.20^gh	65.95±3.65^ij	67.51±2.42^h	68.87±3.79^hi	70.60±2.69^g
	W2N1	52.03±0.68^fg	55.49±4.15^ef	61.95±1.70^hi	66.15±4.79^fg	68.23±1.76^hi	72.06±2.28^g	71.33±1.48^gh	75.63±1.50^f
	W2N2	57.89±2.93^de	60.35±3.32^bcd	69.52±3.01^ef	73.20±3.64^cde	76.69±2.96^ef	80.93±1.89^de	80.39±2.68^de	84.87±2.56^cd
	W2N3	54.88±2.36^ef	58.15±3.23^de	65.44±2.00^fgh	69.29±3.17^ef	71.44±2.29^gh	76.66±3.83^ef	74.70±2.55^fg	79.81±4.22^ef
	W3N0	46.98±1.95^h	48.89±2.56^h	55.44±1.77^k	56.40±2.74ⁱ	57.42±2.26^l	59.84±3.18^j	59.57±2.53^k	62.01±3.45ⁱ
	W3N1	52.16±2.84^fg	52.98±1.93^fgh	61.57±3.59^hi	62.98±1.74^gh	65.26±3.58^ij	66.59±1.94^hi	68.84±2.45^hi	69.46±1.91^gh
	W3N2	50.00±2.20^gh	51.47±1.58^fgh	59.18±2.13^hi	60.27±3.22^hi	62.78±2.41^jk	65.66±3.12^hi	66.48±1.71^ij	68.42±3.09^gh
	W3N3	48.23±2.40^gh	49.78±1.46^gh	57.11±2.53^jk	57.36±1.88ⁱ	59.25±2.85^kl	62.41±1.86^ij	62.60±2.51^jk	64.82±1.52^hi
Analysis of variance
2021	W	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	N	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	W×N	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	**	**	**
2022	W	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	N	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**
	W×N	**	ns	**	**	**	**	**	**

Table 1 Effects of water (W) and nitrogen (N) application levels on crown width at different wolfberry growth stages in 2021 and 2022

Table 2 Effects of water (W) and nitrogen (N) application levels on yield and yield components of wolfberry

Table 3 Effects of water (W) and nitrogen (N) application levels on irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), water (WUE), partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wolfberry

Fig. 5 Correlation analysis between parameters under different water and nitrogen application levels. PH, plant height; SD, stem diameter; N-SCW, north-south crown width; E-WCW, east-west crown width; PDW, dry weight per plant; HDW, dry weight per hundred grains; DWP, dry weight percentage; I, irrigation; N, nitrogen; WC, water consumption; IWUE, irrigation water use efficiency; WUE, water use efficiency; PFPN, partial factor productivity of nitrogen; NUE, nitrogen use efficiency; Y, yield. **, P<0.01 level; *, P<0.05 level. The abbreviations are the same as in the following figures.

Fig. 6 Principal component analysis (PCA) among different indices of wolfberry. PC, principal component.

Fig. 7 Comprehensive scores of wolfberry using multiple indices under different water (W) and nitrogen (N) application levels


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