Please wait a minute...
Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (12): 1344-1360    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0109-6
Research article     
Runoff characteristics and its sensitivity to climate factors in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2018
WU Changxue1, Xu Ruirui2,3, QIU Dexun2,3, DING Yingying1, GAO Peng1,2,3,*(), MU Xingmin1,2,3,*(), ZHAO Guangju1,2,3
1State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China
3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
Download: HTML     PDF(2438KB)
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      

Abstract  

Exploring the current runoff characteristics after the large-scale implementation of the Grain for Green (GFG) project and investigating its sensitivities to potential drivers are crucial for water resource prediction and management. Based on the measured runoff data of 62 hydrological stations in the Weihe River Basin (WRB) from 2006 to 2018, we analyzed the temporal and spatial runoff characteristics in this study. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between different runoff indicators and climate-related factors. Additionally, an improved Budyko framework was applied to assess the sensitivities of annual runoff to precipitation, potential evaporation, and other factors. The results showed that the daily runoff flow duration curves (FDCs) of all selected hydrological stations fall in three narrow ranges, with the corresponding mean annual runoff spanning approximately 1.50 orders of magnitude, indicating that the runoff of different hydrological stations in the WRB varied greatly. The trend analysis of runoff under different exceedance frequencies showed that the runoff from the south bank of the Weihe River was more affluent and stable than that from the north bank. The runoff was unevenly distributed throughout the year, mainly in the flood season, accounting for more than 50.00% of the annual runoff. However, the trend of annual runoff change was not obvious in most areas. Correlation analysis showed that rare-frequency runoff events were more susceptible to climate factors. In this study, daily runoff under 10%-20% exceeding frequencies, consecutive maximum daily runoff, and low-runoff variability rate had strong correlations with precipitation, aridity index, and average runoff depth on rainy days. In comparison, daily runoff under 50%-99% exceeding frequencies, consecutive minimum daily runoff, and high-runoff variability rate had weak correlations with all selected impact factors. The sensitivity analysis results suggested that the sensitivity of annual runoff to precipitation was always higher than that to potential evaporation. The runoff about 87.10% of the selected hydrological stations were most sensitive to precipitation changes, and 12.90% were most sensitive to other factors. The spatial pattern of the sensitivity analysis indicated that in relatively humid southern areas, runoff was more sensitive to potential evaporation and other factors, and less sensitive to precipitation.

Key words： daily runoff      climate-related factors      precipitation      potential evaporation      correlation analysis      sensitivity analysis      Weihe River Basin     
Received: 19 July 2022      Published: 31 December 2022
Corresponding Authors: *GAO Peng (E-mail: gaopeng@ms.iswc.ac.cn);MU Xingmin (E-mail: xmmu@ms.iswc.ac.cn)
Service
E-mail this article
Add to my bookshelf
Add to citation manager
E-mail Alert
RSS
Articles by authors
WU Changxue
Xu Ruirui
QIU Dexun
DING Yingying
GAO Peng
MU Xingmin
ZHAO Guangju
Cite this article:

WU Changxue, Xu Ruirui, QIU Dexun, DING Yingying, GAO Peng, MU Xingmin, ZHAO Guangju. Runoff characteristics and its sensitivity to climate factors in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2018. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(12): 1344-1360.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0109-6     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I12/1344

Fig. 1 Topography, river networks, and hydrological stations of the Weihe River Basin (WRB)
Index Unit Description and calculation
Q1, Q5, Q10, Q20, Q50, Q80, Q90, Q95, and Q99 mm/d Daily runoff under different exceeding frequencies. The subscript represents the percentage of runoff exceedance probability.
Min1, Min7, and Min30 mm Consecutive minimum daily runoff. The subscript indicates the consecutive days.
Max1, Max7, and Max30 mm Consecutive maximum daily runoff. The subscript indicates the consecutive days.
RQ95:Q50 and RQ5:Q50 / Low-runoff variability rate and high-runoff variability rate, respectively. Annual runoff is divided by the median annual runoff, providing an overview of how the flow duration curve changes over time.
RC / Ratio of annual runoff to precipitation, reflecting the average water production capacity of the basin during a certain period.
R mm Annual runoff.
Table 1 Description and calculation of runoff characteristic indices
Predictor Unit Calculation
Annual precipitation (P) mm $\text{P}=\sum\limits_{\text{i}=1}^{12}{{{\text{P}}_{i}}}$,
where i refers to the month; and Pi is the monthly precipitation (mm).
Precipitation seasonality (Psi) / Psi is calculated as follows (Walsh and Lawler, 1981):
${{\text{P}}_{\text{si}}}={{\text{P}}^{-1}}\sum{\left| {{\text{P}}_{i}}-\text{P}/12 \right|}$.
Average rain depth (α) mm/d Mean precipitation during rainy days.
Annual potential evaporation (Ep) mm Ep is calculated by a modified version of the Hargreaves (Droogers and Allen, 2002):
${{E}_{p}}=0.0013\times 0.408\times RA\times ({{\text{T}}_{av}}+17)\times {{(\text{TD}-0.0123\text{P})}^{0.76}}$,
where Tav is the average of the mean maximum temperature and minimum temperature for each month (°C); TD represents the difference between the average maximum temperature and minimum temperature per month (°C); and RA represents the extraterrestrial radiation (MJ/(m2•d)), which were acquired from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
Potential evaporation seasonality (Ep si) / Ep si is calculated as follows (Walsh and Lawler, 1981):
${{\text{E}}_{\text{p }}}_{\text{si}}={{\text{E}}_{\text{p}}}^{-1}\sum{\left| {{\text{E}}_{\text{p}}}_{\text{m}}-{{\text{E}}_{\text{p}}}/12 \right|}$,
where Ep and Epm are the annual and monthly potential evaporation (mm), respectively.
Aridity index (ϕ) / $\phi \text{=}\frac{{{\text{E}}_{\text{p}}}}{\text{P}}$.
Seasonal correlation between water supply and demand (CORR) / CORR is the correlation coefficient between monthly precipitation and annual potential evaporation (Petersen et al., 2012).
Average annual temperature (TA) K $\text{TA}=\sum\limits_{\text{i}=1}^{12}{\left( {{\text{T}}_{i}}+274.15 \right)}/12$,
where Ti is the monthly mean air temperature of the ith month (°C).
Table 2 Climate-related characteristics selected to estimate the runoff characteristics
Fig. 2 (a), flow duration curves (FDCs) of daily runoff in the WRB with three distinct ranges of mean annual runoff (MAR); (b), spatial distribution of hydrological stations with different ranges of MAR. Red, green, and blue sites are 6, 45, and 11 of the 62 stations, respectively, where MAR varied from 3.43 to 13.33 mm, from 20.92 to 109.30 mm, and from 229.03 to 507.25 mm, respectively.
Fig. 3 Spatial distributions of runoff trends under high-frequency runoff events (Q95; a), intermediate-frequency runoff events (Q50; b), and rare-frequency runoff events (Q5; c)
Station Hydrological element Jan (mm) Feb (mm) Mar (mm) Apr (mm) May (mm) Jun (mm) Jul (mm) Aug (mm) Sep (mm) Oct (mm) Nov (mm) Dec (mm) Proportion in flood season (%)
Linjiacun Precipitation 6.75 12.36 28.45 42.01 67.83 79.81 125.67 117.11 129.45 51.22 19.95 3.34 66.09
Runoff 1.14 0.82 1.18 1.68 2.26 2.11 5.86 4.14 4.47 3.48 1.70 1.34 54.94
Xianyang Precipitation 6.38 9.91 23.41 36.78 60.26 54.16 103.21 100.87 105.06 47.98 20.56 3.67 63.49
Runoff 2.03 1.77 2.07 3.21 3.97 4.05 8.22 7.25 11.29 7.64 4.26 2.69 52.71
Huaxian Precipitation 4.36 8.85 17.37 36.79 59.82 50.17 90.58 79.21 98.98 43.32 26.11 4.48 61.33
Runoff 1.86 1.53 1.84 2.95 3.54 2.78 6.36 6.04 8.95 6.01 3.62 2.26 50.54
Zhangjiashan Precipitation 6.48 9.48 23.07 34.05 47.83 56.15 88.88 75.76 95.82 38.58 18.12 3.34 63.63
Runoff 0.97 1.11 1.60 1.28 1.18 1.21 4.05 3.83 3.33 2.29 1.68 1.23 52.27
Zhuangtou Precipitation 4.20 8.80 13.24 29.63 50.93 54.05 87.05 77.34 82.67 42.42 20.36 2.19 63.68
Runoff 0.82 0.99 1.68 1.39 1.16 1.06 3.19 2.99 3.12 2.18 1.51 1.16 48.75
Total Precipitation 5.64 9.88 21.11 35.85 57.34 58.87 99.08 90.06 102.40 44.70 21.02 3.40 63.79
Runoff 0.99 0.94 1.29 1.53 1.69 1.52 3.85 3.50 4.41 3.03 1.87 1.26 51.31
Table 3 Distribution of monthly precipitation and runoff in the Weihe River basin (WRB)
Fig. 4 Spatial distributions of annual runoff trends in different subintervals
Index P Psi α Ep Ep si ϕ CORR TA
Q1 0.72+lin 0.22+pow 0.64+pow 0.20-pow 0.06-pow 0.69-pow 0.46+exp 0.29-pow
Q5 0.72+pow 0.16+pow 0.70+lin 0.17-pow 0.14-log 0.64-pow 0.34+log 0.17-exp
Q10 0.78+pow 0.14+pow 0.63+pow 0.16-exp / 0.69-pow 0.34+log 0.22-exp
Q20 0.68+exp 0.06+pow 0.32+pow 0.25-exp 0.05+lin 0.49-pow 0.20+log 0.42-exp
Q50 0.06+pow 0.22+lin / 0.30-exp / 0.12-exp 0.06+lin 0.43-exp
Q80 / 0.18+lin 0.08-lin 0.06-lin / / 0.05+lin 0.21-log
Q90 / 0.15+lin / / / / 0.15+lin 0.12-lin
Q95 / 0.07+lin / / 0.06-lin / 0.15+lin 0.09+lin
Q99 / / / 0.07+exp 0.07-lin / 0.19+lin /
Max1 0.58+exp 0.35+pow 0.48+exp 0.23-pow / 0.59-pow 0.50+lin 0.37-exp
Max7 0.81+exp 0.18+pow 0.66+pow 0.15-pow / 0.75-pow 0.38+lin 0.23-exp
Max30 0.75+pow 0.18+pow 0.62+pow 0.17-pow / 0.72-pow 0.42+lin 0.26-exp
Min1 / / / / 0.15-lin / 0.22+lin /
Min7 / / 0.04+pow 0.08+exp 0.07-lin / 0.11+lin /
Min30 0.07-lin / 0.13-lin / / / 0.05+lin 0.05-lin
RQ95:Q50 0.08+pow / 0.12+pow 0.06-pow / 0.19+exp / 0.12+pow
RQ5:Q50 0.71+pow 0.09+lin 0.75+pow 0.07-pow 0.12-log 0.57-pow 0.28+pow 0.05-exp
RC 0.40+lin 0.17+exp 0.22+pow 0.25-pow / 0.27-pow 0.26+lin 0.56-exp
MAR 0.69+pow 0.13+exp 0.45+pow 0.23-pow / 0.62-pow 0.35+lin 0.36-exp
Table 4 R2 values between runoff characteristics and climate-related factors
Fig. 5 Distribution of spatial hydrological and climatic characteristics in the study area based on the Budyko framework. (a-c), spatial pattern of the runoff ratio, aridity index, and other factors, respectively; (d-f), values of the runoff ratio, aridity index, and other factors at different hydrological stations, respectively.
Fig. 6 Absolute sensitivities of runoff to precipitation (εR,P; a), annual potential evaporation (εR,Ep; b), and other factors (εR,ω; c) in the WRB. (d-f), values of εR,P, εR,Ep, and εR,ω at different hydrological stations, respectively.
Fig. 7 Relative sensitivities of runoff to precipitation (θP), potential evaporation (θEp), and other factors (θω) at different hydrological stations
Fig. 8 FDCs for daily precipitation of 62 meteorological stations in the WRB
Fig. 9 Spatial distribution of mean annual precipitation (MAP; a), mean precipitation in rainy days (α; b), the ratio of wet to dry days (f; c), the seasonal correlation between water supply and demand (CORR; d), mean annual potential evaporation (Ep; e), and average annual temperature (TA; f) in the WRB
[1]   Bai Y P, Zhao G J, Zhang L M, et al. 2020. Spatiotemporal variation of sediment load in the Weihe River Basin in recent 55 years and the driving factors. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 34(4): 91-97. (in Chinese)
[2]   Bassiouni M, Oki D S. 2013. Trends and shifts in streamflow in Hawai'i, 1913-2008. Hydrological Processes, 27(10): 1484-1500.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.9298
[3]   Beck H E, De Roo A, Van Dijk A. 2015. Global maps of streamflow characteristics based on observations from several thousand catchments. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 16(4): 1478-1501.
doi: 10.1175/JHM-D-14-0155.1
[4]   Berghuijs W R, Larsen J R, Emmerik T H, et al. 2017. A global assessment of runoff sensitivity to changes in precipitation, potential evaporation, and other factors. Water Resources Research, 53(10): 8475-8486.
doi: 10.1002/2017WR021593
[5]   Budyko M I. 1974. Climate and Life. San Diego: Academic Press.
[6]   Chang J, Wang Y, Istanbulluoglu E, et al. 2015. Impact of climate change and human activities on runoff in the Weihe River Basin, China. Quaternary International, 380: 169-179.
[7]   Cigizoglu H K, Bayazit M. 2015. A generalized seasonal model for flow duration curve. Hydrological Processes, 14(6): 1053-1067.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<1053::AID-HYP996>3.0.CO;2-B
[8]   Droogers P, Allen R G. 2002. Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 16(1): 33-45.
doi: 10.1023/A:1015508322413
[9]   Feng X M, Fu B J, Piao S L, et al. 2016. Revegetation in China's Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits. Nature Climate Change, 6: 1019-1022.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate3092
[10]   Fu B P. 1981. On the calculation of the evaporation from land surface. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 5: 23-31. (in Chinese)
[11]   Gao P, Geissen V, Ritsema C J, et al. 2013. Impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on stream flow and sediment discharge in the Wei River basin, China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(3): 961-972.
doi: 10.5194/hess-17-961-2013
[12]   Gao P, Jiang G T, Wei Y P, et al. 2015. Streamflow regimes of the Yanhe River under climate and land use change, Loess Plateau, China. Hydrological Processes, 29(10): 2402-2413.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.10309
[13]   Gao P, Li P F, Zhao B L, et al. 2017. Use of double mass curves in hydrologic benefit evaluations. Hydrological Processes, 31(26): 4639-4646.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.11377
[14]   Gao X Y, Feng C L. 2019. An assumption for the plan on constructing water ecological corridor in the south bank of Weihe River (Shaanxi section). Water Resources Development and Management, 3: 6-11. (in Chinese)
[15]   Greve P, Orlowsky B, Mueller B, et al. 2014. Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land. Nature Geoscience, 7(10): 716-721.
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2247
[16]   Hevesi J A, Istok J D, Flint A L. 1992. Precipitation estimation in mountainous terrain using multivariate geostatistics. Part I: Structural Analysis. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31(7): 661-676.
doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0661:PEIMTU>2.0.CO;2
[17]   Huang Z W, Yang H B, Yang D W. 2016. Dominant climatic factors driving annual runoff changes at the catchment scale across China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(7): 2573-2587.
doi: 10.5194/hess-20-2573-2016
[18]   Huntington J, Mcgwire K, Morton C, et al. 2016. Assessing the role of climate and resource management on groundwater dependent ecosystem changes in arid environments with the Landsat archive. Remote Sensing of Environment, 185: 186-197.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.004
[19]   Jia Y Y, Yang J P. 2017. The prediction on housing demand caused by population change in Guanzhong urban agglomeration. Land Development and Engineering Research, 2(8): 27-32.
[20]   Jiang C, Zhang H Y, Wang X C, et al. 2019. Challenging the land degradation in China's Loess Plateau: Benefits, limitations, sustainability, and adaptive strategies of soil and water conservation. Ecological Engineering, 127: 135-150.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.11.018
[21]   Jiang C, Yang Z Y, Li M T, et al. 2021. Exploring soil erosion trajectories and their divergent responses to driving factors: a model-based contrasting study in highly eroded mountain areas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(12): 14720-14738.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11703-1
[22]   Kendall M G. 1990. Rank correlation methods. British Journal of Psychology, 25(1): 86-91.
[23]   Li F P, Zhang G X, Dong L Q. 2013. Studies for impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 33(4): 457-464. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2013.04.457
[24]   Li H J, Shi C X, Sun P C, et al. 2021. Attribution of runoff changes in the main tributaries of the middle Yellow River, China, based on the Budyko model with a time-varying parameter. CATENA, 206: 105557, doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105557.
doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2021.105557
[25]   Li J J, Peng S Z, Li Z. 2017. Detecting and attributing vegetation changes on China's Loess Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 247: 260-270.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.08.005
[26]   Li L, Ni J R, Chang F, et al. 2020. Global trends in water and sediment fluxes of the world's large rivers. Science Bulletin, 65(1): 62-69.
doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.012
[27]   Li S Y, Yang G Y, Wang H. 2019. The runoff evolution and the differences analysis of the causes of runoff change in different regions: A case of the Weihe River Basin, Northern China. Sustainability, 11(19): 5295, doi: 10.3390/su11195295.
doi: 10.3390/su11195295
[28]   Li Y Y, Chang J X, Wang Y M, et al. 2016. Spatiotemporal impacts of climate, land cover change and direct human activities on runoff variations in the Wei River Basin, China. Water, 8(6): 220, doi: 10.3390/w8060220.
doi: 10.3390/w8060220
[29]   Li Z W, Xu X L, Yu B F, et al. 2016. Quantifying the impacts of climate and human activities on water and sediment discharge in a karst region of Southwest China. Journal of Hydrology, 542(11): 836-849.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.049
[30]   Liu J K, Zhang Z M, Yan G X, et al. 2016. Multi-scale analysis on precipitation-runoff relationship in Chaobaihe basin. Science of Soil and Water Conservation in China, 14(4): 50-59. (in Chinese)
[31]   Mann H B. 1945. Nonparametric test against trend. Econometrica, 13(3): 245-259.
doi: 10.2307/1907187
[32]   Miao C Y, Sun Q H, Borthwick A G L, et al. 2016. Linkage between hourly precipitation events and atmospheric temperature changes over China during the Warm Season. Scientific Reports, 6: 22543, doi: 10.1038/srep22543.
doi: 10.1038/srep22543 pmid: 26931350
[33]   Nilawar A P, Waikar M L. 2018. Impacts of climate change on streamflow and sediment concentration under RCP 4.5 and 8.5: A case study in Purna river basin, India. Science of the Total Environment, 650: 2685-2696.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.334
[34]   Ouyang Z Y, Zheng H, Yue P. 2013. Establishment of ecological compensation mechanisms in China: Perspectives and strategies. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(3): 686-692. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.5846/stxb201212071759
[35]   Petersen T, Devineni N, Sankarasubramanian A. 2012. Seasonality of monthly runoff over the continental United States: Causality and relations to mean annual and mean monthly distributions of moisture and energy. Journal of Hydrology, 468: 139-150.
[36]   Qiu D X, Wu C X, Mu X M, et al. 2022. Spatial-temporal analysis and prediction of precipitation extremes: A case study in the Weihe River Basin, China. Chinese Geographical Science, 32(2): 358-372.
doi: 10.1007/s11769-022-1271-7
[37]   Rodriguez-Iturbe I. 2000. Ecohydrology: A hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics. Water Resources Research, 36(1): 3-9.
doi: 10.1029/1999WR900210
[38]   Rossi M W, Whipple K X, Vivoni E R. 2016. Precipitation and evapotranspiration controls on daily runoff variability in the contiguous United States and Puerto Rico. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 121(1): 128-145.
doi: 10.1002/2015JF003446
[39]   Samain B, Pauwels V R N. 2013. Impact of potential and (scintillometer-based) actual evapotranspiration estimates on the performance of a lumped rainfall-runoff model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(11): 4525-4540.
doi: 10.5194/hess-17-4525-2013
[40]   Shaanxi Province Department of Water Resources, 2019. Shaanxi Water Resources Bulletin. Xi'an: Shaanxi Province Department of Water Resources. (in Chinese)
[41]   Song J X, Xu Z X, Liu C M, et al. 2007. Ecological and environmental instream flow requirements for the Wei River—the largest tributary of the Yellow River. Hydrological Processes, 21(8): 1066-1073.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.6287
[42]   Sun S L, Chen H S, Ju W M, et al. 2013. Effects of climate change on annual streamflow using climate elasticity in Poyang Lake Basin, China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 112(1-2): 169-183.
doi: 10.1007/s00704-012-0714-y
[43]   Sun Y X, Tang D S, Ding Y F, et al. 2016. A real-time operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir with flood risk analysis. Water Science and Technology Water Supply, 16(2): 551-562.
doi: 10.2166/ws.2015.172
[44]   Vogel R M, Fennessey N M. 1994. Flow-duration curves. 2. New interpretation and confidence-intervals. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 120(4): 485-504.
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1994)120:4(485)
[45]   Walsh R P D, Lawler D M. 1981. Rainfall seasonality: Description, spatial patterns and change through time. Weather, 36: 201-208.
doi: 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1981.tb05400.x
[46]   Wang X X, Su P, Lin Q D, et al. 2019. Distribution, assessment and coupling relationship of heavy metals and macroinvertebrates in sediments of the Weihe River Basin. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50: 101665, doi: 10.1016/j.scs. 2019.101665.
doi: 10.1016/j.scs. 2019.101665
[47]   Wen T F, Xiong L H, Jiang C, et al. 2019. Effects of climate variability and human activities on suspended sediment load in the Ganjiang River Basin, China. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 24(11): 05019029, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.000 1859.
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584
[48]   Wu C X, Qiu D X, Gao P, et al. 2022. Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin, China. Journal of Arid Land, 14(4): 426-440.
doi: 10.1007/s40333-022-0013-0
[49]   Xie X H, Liang S L, Yao Y J, et al. 2015. Detection and attribution of changes in hydrological cycle over the Three-North region of China: climate change versus afforestation effect. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 203: 74-87.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.01.003
[50]   Xie Z B, Mu X M, Gao P, et al. 2022. Variation characteristics of runoff in the upper reaches of Beiluo River based on R/S and Morlet wavelet analysis. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 29(2): 139-144. (in Chinese)
[51]   Yang H B, Qi J, Xu X Y, et al. 2014. The regional variation in climate elasticity and climate contribution to runoff across China. Journal of Hydrology, 517: 607-616.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.062
[52]   Yang J, Jin J M, Shao J, et al. 2021. Vegetation restoration and its impact on runoff in typical areas of middle Loess Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 52(5): 258-266, 257. (in Chinese)
[53]   Yang L, Zhao G J, Tian P, et al. 2022. Runoff changes in the major river basins of China and their responses to potential driving forces. Journal of Hydrology, 607: 127536, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127536.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127536
[54]   Zeng L, Li J, Zhou Z X, et al. 2020. Optimizing land use patterns for the grain for Green Project based on the efficiency of ecosystem services under different objectives. Ecological Indicators, 114: 106347, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106347.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106347
[55]   Zhan C S, Jiang S S, Sun F B, et al. 2014. Quantitative contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff changes in the Wei River basin, China. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18(8): 3069-3077.
doi: 10.5194/hess-18-3069-2014
[56]   Zhang B Q, He C S. 2016. A modified water demand estimation method for drought identification over arid and semiarid regions. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 230: 58-66.
[57]   Zhang K, Lu Y H, Fu B J, et al. 2018. The effects of restoration on vegetation trends: spatiotemporal variability and influencing factors. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 109(3-4): 473-481.
doi: 10.1017/S1755691018000518
[58]   Zhao G J, Mu X M, Tian P, et al. 2013. Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in semiarid regions: a case study of the Wei River basin, China. Hydrological Processes, 27(26): 3852-3863.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.9504
[59]   Zhou A K, Yan B W. 2014. Fractal characteristics of monthly runoff process in Wei River watershed. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 33(4): 7-13. (in Chinese)
[60]   Zuo D P, Xu Z X, Zhao J, et al. 2015. Response of runoff to climate change in the Wei River basin, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(3): 508-522.
doi: 10.1080/02626667.2014.943668
[1] Mitiku A WORKU, Gudina L FEYISA, Kassahun T BEKETIE, Emmanuel GARBOLINO. Projecting future precipitation change across the semi-arid Borana lowland, southern Ethiopia[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(9): 1023-1036.
[2] WANG Min, CHEN Xi, CAO Liangzhong, KURBAN Alishir, SHI Haiyang, WU Nannan, EZIZ Anwar, YUAN Xiuliang, Philippe DE MAEYER. Correlation analysis between the Aral Sea shrinkage and the Amu Darya River[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(7): 757-778.
[3] ZHANG Lihua, GAO Han, WANG Junfeng, ZHAO Ruifeng, WANG Mengmeng, HAO Lianyi, GUO Yafei, JIANG Xiaoyu, ZHONG Lingfei. Plant property regulates soil bacterial community structure under altered precipitation regimes in a semi-arid desert grassland, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(5): 602-619.
[4] Sakine KOOHI, Hadi RAMEZANI ETEDALI. Future meteorological drought conditions in southwestern Iran based on the NEX-GDDP climate dataset[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 377-392.
[5] ZHANG Yixin, LI Peng, XU Guoce, MIN Zhiqiang, LI Qingshun, LI Zhanbin, WANG Bin, CHEN Yiting. Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of extreme precipitation on the Loess Plateau of China facing the precipitation process[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 439-459.
[6] LI Hongfang, WANG Jian, LIU Hu, MIAO Henglu, LIU Jianfeng. Responses of vegetation yield to precipitation and reference evapotranspiration in a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(4): 477-490.
[7] WU Jingyan, LUO Jungang, ZHANG Han, YU Mengjie. Driving forces behind the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of land-use and land-cover change: A case study of the Weihe River Basin, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(3): 253-273.
[8] Adnan ABBAS, Asher S BHATTI, Safi ULLAH, Waheed ULLAH, Muhammad WASEEM, ZHAO Chengyi, DOU Xin, Gohar ALI. Projection of precipitation extremes over South Asia from CMIP6 GCMs[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(3): 274-296.
[9] ZHANG Shubao, LEI Jun, TONG Yanjun, ZHANG Xiaolei, LU Danni, FAN Liqin, DUAN Zuliang. Temporal and spatial responses of ecological resilience to climate change and human activities in the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2023, 15(10): 1245-1268.
[10] ZHANG Yin, GULIMIRE Hanati, SULITAN Danierhan, HU Keke. Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(9): 962-977.
[11] LI Qian, MA Long, LIU Tingxi. Transformation among precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(6): 620-636.
[12] SU Yuan, GONG Yanming, HAN Wenxuan, LI Kaihui, LIU Xuejun. Dependency of litter decomposition on litter quality, climate change, and grassland type in the alpine grassland of Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(6): 691-703.
[13] WU Changxue, QIU Dexun, GAO Peng, MU Xingmin, ZHAO Guangju. Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(4): 426-440.
[14] YAO Kaixuan, Abudureheman HALIKE, CHEN Limei, WEI Qianqian. Spatiotemporal changes of eco-environmental quality based on remote sensing-based ecological index in the Hotan Oasis, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(3): 262-283.
[15] GE Qianqian, XU Wenjie, FU Meichen, HAN Yingxin, AN Guoqiang, XU Yuetong. Ecosystem service values of gardens in the Yellow River Basin, China[J]. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(3): 284-296.