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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2024, Vol. 16 Issue (4): 550-566    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-024-0096-x     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-024-0096-x
Research article     
Spatiotemporal characteristics of seed rain and soil seed bank of artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom. forest in the Tengger Desert, China
SHEN Jianxiang1,2, WANG Xin3, WANG Lei1,2,*(), WANG Jiahui1,2, QU Wenjie1,2, ZHANG Xue1,2, CHANG Xuanxuan3, YANG Xinguo1,2, CHEN Lin1,2, QIN Weichun3, ZHANG Bo3, NIU Jinshuai3
1College of Ecological Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in Northwest China, Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
3College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Abstract  

Vegetation restoration and reconstruction are effective approaches to desertification control and achieving social and economic sustainability in desert areas. However, the self-succession ability of native plants during the later periods of vegetation restoration remains unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating the regeneration dynamics of artificial forest under natural conditions. The information of seed rain and soil seed bank was collected and quantified from an artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom. forest in the Tengger Desert, China. The germination tests were conducted in a laboratory setting. The analysis of species quantity and diversity in seed rain and soil seed bank was conducted to assess the impact of different durations of sand fixation (60, 40, and 20 a) on the progress of vegetation restoration and ecological conditions in artificial C. korshinskii forest. The results showed that the top three dominant plant species in seed rain were Echinops gmelinii Turcz., Eragrostis minor Host., and Agropyron mongolicum Keng., and the top three dominant plant species in soil seed bank were E. minor, Chloris virgata Sw., and E. gmelinii. As restoration period increased, the density of seed rain and soil seed bank increased first and then decreased. While for species richness, as restoration period increased, it gradually increased in seed rain but decreased in soil seed bank. There was a positive correlation between seed rain density and soil seed bank density among all the three restoration periods. The species similarity between seed rain or soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation decreased with the extension of restoration period. The shape of the seeds, specifically those with external appendages such as spines and crown hair, clearly had an effect on their dispersal, then resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank. In addition, precipitation was a crucial factor in promoting rapid germination, also resulting in lower seed density in soil seed bank. Our findings provide valuable insights for guiding future interventions during the later periods of artificial C. korshinskii forest, such as sowing and restoration efforts using unmanned aerial vehicles.

Key words： ecological restoration      soil seed bank      seed rain      artificial forest      vegetation desertification      Caragana korshinskii      Tengger Desert     
Received: 08 November 2023      Published: 30 April 2024
Corresponding Authors: *WANG Lei (E-mail: WL8999@163.com)
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SHEN Jianxiang
WANG Xin
WANG Lei
WANG Jiahui
QU Wenjie
ZHANG Xue
CHANG Xuanxuan
YANG Xinguo
CHEN Lin
QIN Weichun
ZHANG Bo
NIU Jinshuai
Cite this article:

SHEN Jianxiang, WANG Xin, WANG Lei, WANG Jiahui, QU Wenjie, ZHANG Xue, CHANG Xuanxuan, YANG Xinguo, CHEN Lin, QIN Weichun, ZHANG Bo, NIU Jinshuai. Spatiotemporal characteristics of seed rain and soil seed bank of artificial Caragana korshinskii Kom. forest in the Tengger Desert, China. Journal of Arid Land, 2024, 16(4): 550-566.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-024-0096-x     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2024/V16/I4/550

Property Soil layer (cm) Restoration period
60 a 40 a 20 a
Electrical conductivity (EC; μS/cm) 0.0-10.0 211.28±82.71Aa 51.67±3.56Ba 40.29±7.21Ba
10.0-20.0 84.30±16.98Aa 51.62±3.89Aa 47.58±15.65Aa
20.0-30.0 69.89±10.75Aa 46.36±5.31Aa 42.90±16.22Aa
Total organic matter (TOM; g/kg) 0.0-10.0 8.29±0.31Aa 4.51±0.63Ba 6.64±0.45Ca
10.0-20.0 6.40±0.39Ab 4.03±0.16Ba 5.22±0.63ABab
20.0-30.0 4.73±0.55Ac 3.33±0.40Ba 4.63±0.25ABb
Total nitrogen (TN; g/kg) 0.0-10.0 0.19±0.02Aa 0.09±0.02Ba 0.09±0.02Ba
10.0-20.0 0.16±0.01Aa 0.08±0.01Ba 0.09±0.01Ba
20.0-30.0 0.10±0.01Ab 0.05±0.02Ba 0.08±0.01ABa
Available potassium (AK; mg/kg) 0.0-10.0 109.03±6.49Aa 105.08±2.28ABa 89.45±6.24Ba
10.0-20.0 97.82±4.77Aab 98.85±8.86Aab 80.45±4.31Aa
20.0-30.0 82.40±5.08Ab 85.99±3.15Ab 82.33±7.49Aa
Available phosphorus (AP; mg/kg) 0.0-10.0 34.78±3.87Aa 23.25±2.26Ba 18.93±2.45Bb
10.0-20.0 22.29±2.35Ab 10.44±1.26Bb 22.77±1.06Aa
20.0-30.0 16.523±3.40Ab 14.92±1.47Ab 11.72±1.74Ab
pH 0.0-10.0 8.97±0.02Ab 8.72±0.15Aa 8.80±0.15Aa
10.0-20.0 9.08±0.03Aa 8.68±0.17Aa 8.78±0.13Aa
20.0-30.0 9.02±0.02Aab 8.53±0.20Aa 8.67±0.22Aa
Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of soil samples collected from artificial Caragana korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
Restorationperiod Sampling
plot		 Number of C. korshinskii plants Species composition
60 a Y1-1 38 C. korshinskii, E. gmelini, E. minor, C. virgata, S. viridis, S. collina, B. dasyphylla, A. arenaria, and A. scoparia
Y1-2 42 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. minor, S. viridis, C. virgata, S. collina, A. scoparia, A. arenaria, A. squarrosum, and B. dasyphylla
Y1-3 46 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. Minor, C. Virgata, S. Collina, S. Viridis, A. mongolicum, and B. dasyphylla
Y1-4 35 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. minor, S. viridis, C. virgata, S. collina, A. scoparia, A. mongolicum, and B. dasyphylla
40 a Y2-1 41 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. minor, S. viridis, C. virgata, S. collina, A. scoparia, and B. dasyphylla
Y2-2 42 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. minor, S. viridis, C. virgata, S. collina, A. scoparia, and B. dasyphylla
Y2-3 39 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, C. virgata, E. minor, S. viridis, S. collina, A. arenaria, A. scoparia, and B. dasyphylla
Y2-4 37 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, C. virgata, E. minor, S. viridis, S. collina, A. arenaria, A. scoparia, and B. dasyphylla
20 a Y3-1 41 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, C. virgata, E. Minor, S. Viridis, B. Dasyphylla, and Corispermum mongolicum
Y3-2 38 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. minor, C. virgata, B. Dasyphylla, Corispermum mongolicum, S. viridis, A. arenaria, and S. collina
Y3-3 45 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, B. Dasyphylla, E. minor, S. viridis, and S. collina
Y3-4 39 C. korshinskii, E. gmelinii, E. minor, B. Dasyphylla, Corispermum Mongolicum, S. collina, and A. scoparia
Table 2 Species composition of artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of seed rain collector
Table 3 Composition of seed rain of artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
Fig. 2 Temporal dynamic of seed rain density of artificial Caragana Korshinskii Kom. forest at different restoration periods. Bars are standard errors.
Table 4 Composition of soil seed bank of artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
Fig. 3 Temporal dynamics of soil seed bank density of artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods. Bars are standard errors.
Fig. 4 Vertical distribution of soil seed bank density of artificial C. korshinskii forest at restoration periods of 60 (a), 40 (b), and 20 a (c). Bars are standard errors. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference of soil seed bank density among different soil layers at P<0.05 level.
Restoration period Number of species
in seed rain		 Number of species
in soil seed bank		 Total number of
common species		 Coefficient of
similarity (%)
60 a 14 9 8 69.57
40 a 13 9 8 72.73
20 a 10 11 9 85.71
Table 5 Species similarity between seed rain and seed bank in artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
Fig. 5 Relationship between seed rain and soil seed bank in artificial C. korshinskii forest at restoration periods of 60 (a), 40 (b), and 20 a (c). The dark gray band is the 95% confidence interval of the regression.
Restoration period Number of species
in seed rain		 Number of species of aboveground vegetation Total number of
common species		 Coefficient of similarity (%)
60 a 14 11 9 72.00
40 a 13 10 10 86.96
20 a 10 10 8 80.00
Table 6 Species similarity between seed rain and aboveground vegetation in artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
Restoration period Number of species in soil seed bank Number of species of aboveground vegetation Total number of
common species		 Coefficient of similarity (%)
60 a 9 11 8 80.00
40 a 9 10 9 94.73
20 a 11 10 10 95.24
Table 7 Species similarity between soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation in artificial C. korshinskii forest at different restoration periods
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