| Research Articles |
|
|
|
|
| Effects of long-term fertilization on oxidizable organic carbon fractions on the Loess Plateau, China |
| DING Shaonan1, XUE Sha1,2, LIU Guobin1,2* |
1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China |
|
|
|
Abstract The effects of long-term fertilization on pools of soil organic carbon (SOC) have been well studied, but limited information is available on the oxidizable organic carbon (OOC) fractions, especially for the Loess Plateau in China. We evaluated the effects of a 15-year fertilization on the OOC fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers in flat farmland under nine treatments (N (nitrogen, urea), P (phosphorus, monocalcium phosphate), M (organic fertilizer, composted sheep manure), N+P (NP), M+N (MN), M+P (MP), M+N+P (MNP), CK (control, no fertilizer) and bare land (BL, no crops or fertilizer)). SOC content increased more markedly in the treatment containing manure than in those with inorganic fertilizers alone. F1, F2, F4 and F3 accounted for 47%, 27%, 18% and 8% of total organic carbon, respectively. F1 was a more sensitive index than the other C fractions in the sensitivity index (SI) analysis. F1 and F2 were highly correlated with total nitrogen (TN) and available nitrogen (AN), F3 was negatively correlated with pH and F4 was correlated with TN. A cluster analysis showed that the treatments containing manure formed one group, and the other treatments formed another group, which indicated the different effects of fertilization on soil properties. Long-term fertilization with inorganic fertilizer increased the F4 fraction while manure fertilizer not only increased labile fractions (F1) in a short time, but also increased passive fraction (F4) over a longer term. The mixed fertilizer mainly affected F3 fraction. The study demonstrated that manure fertilizer was recommended to use in the farmland on the Loess Plateau for the long-term sustainability of agriculture.
|
|
Received: 09 September 2015
Published: 10 August 2016
|
| Fund: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371510, 41371508, 41471438) and the Science and Technology Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province (2011KJXX36). |
|
Corresponding Authors:
|
|
|
| Banger K, Toor G S, Biswas A, et al. 2010. Soil organic carbon fractions after 16-years of applications of fertilizers and organic manure in a Typic Rhodalfs in semi-arid tropics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 86(3): 391–399. Barreto P A B, Gama-Rodrigues E F, Gama-Rodrigues A C, et al. 2011. Distribution of oxidizable organic C fractions in soils under cacao agroforestry systems in Southern Bahia, Brazil. Agroforestry Systems, 81(3): 213–220. Bhattacharyya R, Kundu S, Srivastva A K, et al. 2011. Long term fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools in a sandy loam soil of the Indian sub-Himalayas. Plant and Soil, 341(1–2): 109–124. Blair G J, Lefroy R D B, Lisle L. 1995. Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation, and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 46(7): 1459–1466. Blair N, Faulkner R D, Till A, et al. 2006. Long-term management impacts on soil C, N and physical fertility: Part II: Bad Lauchstadt static and extreme FYM experiments. Soil and Tillage Research, 91(1–2): 39–47. Bolinder M A, Angers D A, Gregorich E G, et al. 1999. The response of soil quality indicators to conservation management. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 79(1): 37–45. Campbell C A, McConkey B G, Zentner R P, et al. 1996. Long-term effects of tillage and crop rotations on soil organic C and total N in a clay soil in southwestern Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 76(3): 395–401. Chan K Y, Bowman A, Oates A. 2001. Oxidizible organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an oxic paleustalf under different pasture leys. Soil Science, 166(1): 61–67. Chan K Y, Heenan D P, Oates A. 2002. Soil carbon fractions and relationship to soil quality under different tillage and stubble management. Soil and Tillage Research, 63(3–4): 133–139. Editorial Committee. 1996. Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis and Description of Soil Profiles. Beijing: Standards Press of China. (in Chinese) Fan T L, Xu M G, Song S Y, et al. 2008. Trends in grain yields and soil organic C in a long-term fertilization experiment in the China Loess Plateau. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 171(3): 448–457. Gong W, Yan X Y, Wang J Y, et al. 2009. Long-term manuring and fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools under a wheat–maize cropping system in North China Plain. Plant and Soil, 314(1–2): 67–76. Guareschi R F, Pereira M G, Perin A. 2013. Oxidizable carbon fractions in Red Latosol under different management systems. Revista Ciência Agronômica, 44(2): 242–250. Ghosh S, Wilson B R, Mandal B, et al. 2010. Changes in soil organic carbon pool in three long-term fertility experiments with different cropping systems and inorganic and organic soil amendments in the eastern cereal belt of India. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 48(5): 413–420. He N, Lin Z. 1992. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain yields and soil properties. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Nutrient Management for Sustained Productivity. Ludhiana: Department of Soil, Punjab Agricultural University, 2: 130–132. Janzen H H, Campbell C A, Ellert B H, et al. 1997. Soil organic matter dynamics and their relationship to soil quality. Developments in Soil Science, 25: 277–292. Kirchmann H, Gerzabek M H. 1999. Relationship between soil organic matter and micropores in a long-term experiment at Ultuna, Sweden. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 162(5): 493–498. Lefroy R D B, Blair G J, Strong W M. 1993. Changes in soil organic matter with cropping as measured by organic carbon fractions and 13C natural isotope abundance. In: Barrow N J. Plant Nutrition—from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice., Netherlands: Springer, 551–554. Liu X, Li F M, Liu D Q, et al. 2010. Soil organic carbon, carbon fractions and nutrients as affected by land use in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China. Pedosphere, 20(2): 146–152. Loss A, Moraes A D L, Pereira M G, et al. 2010. Carbon, light organic matter and oxidizable organic carbon fractions in different organic production systems. Comunicata Scientiae, 1(1): 57–64. Lou Y L, Wang J K, Liang W J. 2011. Impacts of 22-year organic and inorganic N managements on soil organic C fractions in a maize field, northeast China. Catena, 87(3): 386–390. Maia S M F, Xavier F A S, Oliveira T S, et al. 2007. Organic carbon pools in a Luvisol under agroforestry and conventional farming systems in the semi-arid region of Ceará, Brazil. Agroforestry Systems, 71(2): 127–138. Majumder B, Mandal B, Bandyopadhyay P K, et al. 2007. Soil organic carbon pools and productivity relationships for a 34 year old rice–wheat–jute agroecosystem under different fertilizer treatments. Plant and Soil, 297(1–2): 53–67. Majumder B, Mandal B, Bandyopadhyay P K. 2008. Soil organic carbon pools and productivity in relation to nutrient management in a 20-year-old rice–berseem agroecosystem. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 44(3): 451–461. Malhi S S, Gill K S. 2002. Fertilizer N and P effects on root mass of bromegrass, alfalfa and barley. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 19(3): 51–63. Patra D D, Chand S, Anwar M. 2014. Organic C dynamics and its conservation under wheat (Triticum aesetivum)–Mint (Mentha arvensis)-Sesbania rostrata cropping in sub-tropical condition of northern Indo-Gangetic plains. Journal of Environmental Management, 135: 118–125. Pereira F B, Santos R C, Lombardi K C, et al. 2013. Soil oxidizable organic carbon fractions under organic management with industrial residue of roasted mate tea. In: Xu J M, Wu J J, He Y. Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment. Netherlands: Springer, 295–299. Purakayastha T J, Rudrappa L, Singh D, et al. 2008. Long-term impact of fertilizers on soil organic carbon pools and sequestration rates in maize–wheat–cowpea cropping system. Geoderma, 144(1–2): 370–378. Rasmussen P E, Goulding K W T, Brown J R, et al. 1998. Long-term agroecosystem experiments: Assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science, 282(5390): 893–896. Sherrod L A, Peterson G A, Westfall D G, et al. 2005. Soil organic carbon pools after 12 years in no-till dryland agroecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 69(5): 1600–1608. Shi H, Shao M A. 2000. Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China. Journal of Arid Environments, 45(1): 9–20. Soil Science Society of China. 1999. Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis. Beijing: Agricultural Science and Technology. (in Chinese) Soon Y K, Haq A, Arshad M A. 2009. Carbon and nitrogen contents of different-sized light fraction organic matter as influenced by tillage and residue management. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 89(3): 281–286. Stevenson F J. 1994. Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Strosser E. 2010. Methods for determination of labile soil organic matter: an overview. Journal of Agrobiology, 27(2): 49–60. Verma B C, Datta S P, Rattan R K, et al. 2010. Monitoring changes in soil organic carbon pools, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur under different agricultural management practices in the tropics. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 171(1–4): 579–593. Walkley A, Black I A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1): 29–38. Walkley A. 1947. A critical examination of a rapid method for determining organic carbon in soils-effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63(4): 251–264. Wander M. 2004. Soil organic matter fractions and their relevance to soil function. In: Magdoff F, Weil R R. Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 67–102. Wang B, Xue S, Liu G B, et al. 2012. Changes in soil nutrient and enzyme activities under different vegetations in the Loess Plateau area, Northwest China. Catena, 92: 186–195. Wang Q K, Wang S L. 2011. Response of labile soil organic matter to changes in forest vegetation in subtropical regions. Applied Soil Ecology, 47(3): 210–216. Xavier F A D S, Maia S M F, de Oliveira T S, et al. 2009. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks under tropical organic and conventional cropping systems in Northeastern Brazil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40(19–20): 2975–2994. Yang S M, Li F M, Suo D R, et al. 2006. Effect of long-term fertilization on soil productivity and nitrate accumulation in Gansu Oasis. Agricultural Sciences in China, 5(1): 57–67. Zhang C, Liu G B, Xue S, et al. 2011. Rhizosphere soil microbial activity under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, 161(3–4): 115–125. Zhang C, Liu G B, Xue S, et al. 2013. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen storage as affected by land use in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau, China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 54: 16–24. Zhang L H, Xie Z K, Zhao R F, et al. 2012. The impact of land use change on soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon stocks in the Longzhong region of Loess Plateau. Journal of Arid Land, 4(3): 241–250. |
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
