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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2020, Vol. 12 Issue (3): 447-461    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-020-0002-0
Research article     
Application of SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models for simulations of soil water content and soil salinity in controlled groundwater depth
Masoud NOSHADI*(), Saghar FAHANDEJ-SAADI, Ali R SEPASKHAH
Department of Irrigation, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
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Abstract  

Salinization is a gradual process that should be monitored. Modelling is a suitable alternative technique that saves time and cost for the field monitoring. But the performance of the models should be evaluated using the measured data. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models using the measured soil water content, soil salinity and wheat yield data under different levels of saline irrigation water and groundwater depth. The field experiment was conducted in 2013 and in this research three controlled groundwater depths, i.e., 60 (CD60), 80 (CD80) and 100 (CD100) cm and two salinity levels of irrigation water, i.e., 4 (EC4) and 8 (EC8) dS/m were used in a complete randomized design with three replications. Soil water content and soil salinity were measured in soil profile and compared with the predicted values by the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models. Calibrations of the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models were carried out using the measured data under EC4-CD100 treatment and the data of the other treatments were used for validation. The statistical parameters including normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and degree of agreement (d) showed that the values for predicting soil water content and soil salinity were more accurate in the HYDRUS-1D model than in the SALTMED model. The NRMSE and d values of the HYDRUS-1D model were 9.6% and 0.64 for the predicted soil water content and 6.2% and 0.98 for the predicted soil salinity, respectively. These indices of the SALTMED model were 10.6% and 0.81 for the predicted soil water content and 11.0% and 0.97 for the predicted soil salinity, respectively. According to the NRMSE and d values for the predicted wheat yield (9.8% and 0.91, respectively) and dry matter (2.9% and 0.99, respectively), we concluded that the SALTMED model predicted the wheat yield and dry matter accurately.

Key words： wheat      yield      dry matter      simulation      normalized root mean square error     
Received: 04 May 2019      Published: 10 May 2020
Corresponding Authors:
About author: *Corresponding author: Masoud NOSHADI (E-mail: noshadi@shirazu.ac.ir)
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Masoud NOSHADI, Saghar FAHANDEJ-SAADI, Ali R SEPASKHAH. Application of SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models for simulations of soil water content and soil salinity in controlled groundwater depth. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(3): 447-461.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-020-0002-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2020/V12/I3/447

Depth (cm) Soil texture Clay Silt Sand pH BD
(g/cm3)		 FC
(cm3/cm3)		 PWP
(cm3/cm3)
(%)
0-15 Clay loam 30 35 35 8 1.25 0.32 0.11
15-30 Clay loam 30 35 35 8 1.32 0.36 0.12
30-50 Clay loam 39 38 23 8 1.36 0.36 0.14
50-70 Clay 40 39 21 8 1.42 0.39 0.16
70-100 Clay 40 39 21 8 1.42 0.39 0.16
Table 1 Soil physical characteristics in different soil depths
Irrigation water salinity
(dS/m)		 Controlled groundwater depth
CD100 CD80 CD60 Mean
Ig (mm) ECe (dS/m) Ig (mm) ECe (dS/m) Ig (mm) ECe (dS/m) Ig (mm) ECe (dS/m)
4 (EC4) 710a 4.83l 580c 9.87i 450e 8.18j 580A 7.63B
8 (EC8) 618b 7.50k 517d 16.63g 407f 14.65h 514B 12.93A
Mean 664A 6.17C 549B 13.25A 429C 11.42B
Table 2 Statistical analysis of irrigation water depth, Ig and saturated paste electrical conductivity (ECe)
Irrigation water salinity (dS/m) CD100 CD80 CD60
GC (mm) GC (%) GC (mm) GC (%) GC (mm) GC (%)
4 (EC4) 0a 0.0 130c 18.3 260e 36.3
8 (EC8) 92b 13.0 193d 27.2 303f 42.7
Table 3 Groundwater contribution (GC) to sub-irrigation in different treatments
Soil layer thickness (cm) n α (1/cm) Lambda
pore size distribution index*		 Bubbling pressure* (cm) Ksat (cm/d) θsat (cm3/cm3) θres (cm3/cm3)
0-30 1.478 0.011 0.478 90.9 188.6 0.462 0.082
30-50 1.413 0.012 0.413 83.3 121.6 0.465 0.090
50-100 1.399 0.012 0.399 83.3 85.8 0.450 0.090
Table 4 Parameters of the van Genuchten (1980) equation
HYDRUS-1D
Soil layer thickness (cm) Disp (cm) Diff-W (cm2/d) Diff-G (cm2/d) Sink watera (1/d)
0-30 20 2 0 0.096
30-50 20 2 0 0.076
50-100 20 2 0 0.067
SALTMED
Crop factor Calibrated value Crop growth factor Calibrated value
Kc Initial 0.38 Photosynthesis efficiency (g/MJ) 1.60
Kc Mid 1.25 Extinction coefficient 0.45
Kc End 0.25 PAR ratio 0.50
Kcb Initial 0.20 Tmax (oC) 40.00
Kcb Mid 1.00 TopT2b (oC) 28.00
Kcb End 0.15 TopT1c (oC) 25.00
π50 (dS/m) 10.50 Tmin (oC) 4.00
Table 5 Calibrated values of parameters in the HYDRUS-1D and SALTMED models
Fig. 1 Observed and simulated soil water contents using the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models in EC4-CD100 treatment (calibration step) at different days after planting. (a), 114 d; (b), 126 d; (c), 148 d; (d), 163 d; (e), 177 d; (f), 189 d; (g), 200 d; (h), 212 d.
Parameter Statistical parameter EC4-CD80 EC4-CD60 EC8-CD100 EC8-CD80 EC8-CD60
H S H S H S H S H S
Soil water content NRMSE (%) - - 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 - -
d - - 0.56 0.82 0.73 0.82 0.65 0.81 - -
Soil salinity NRMSE (%) 0.06 0.13 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.12 0.08 0.15
d 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.91 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.98
Table 6 NRMSE and d indices during validation process of the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models
Fig. 2 Observed and simulated soil water contents using the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models under EC8-CD100 treatment (validation step) at different days after planting. (a), 114 d; (b), 126 d; (c), 148 d; (d), 163 d; (e), 177 d; (f), 189 d; (g), 200 d; (h), 212 d.
Fig. 3 Observed and simulated soil water contents using the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models under EC8-CD80 treatment (validation step) at different days after planting. (a), 114 d; (b), 126 d; (c), 148 d; (d), 163 d; (e), 177 d; (f), 189 d; (g), 200 d; (h), 212 d.
Fig. 4 Comparison of the measured and predicted soil water contents under (a) EC4-CD100, (b) EC4-CD60, (c) EC8-CD100, (d) EC8-CD80 and (e) all treatments. Comparison of the measured and predicted soil salinity under all treatments (f). NRMSE, normalized root mean square error; d, degree of agreement. Subscripted S and H represent the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models, respectively.
Fig. 5 Observed and simulated saturated paste soil salinities (ECe) using the SALTMED and HYDRUS-1D models under (a) EC4-CD100 (calibration step), (b) EC4-CD80, (c) EC4-CD60, (d) EC8-CD100, (e) EC8-CD80, and (f) EC8-CD60 treatments.
Treatment Dry matter (Mg/hm2) Error percentage (%) Wheat yield (Mg/hm2) Error percentage (%)
Predicted Measured Predicted Measured
EC4 CD100 11.52 11.35 1.5 4.60 4.88 -5.7
CD80 12.19 11.72 4.0 4.87 5.80 -16.0
CD60 10.56 10.46 1.0 4.22 4.06 3.9
EC8 CD100 9.40 9.43 -0.3 3.78 3.62 4.4
CD80 9.68 9.76 -0.8 4.12 4.12 -6.1
CD60 8.11 8.63 -6.0 3.17 3.17 2.2
Table 7 Measured and predicted wheat yield and dry matter by the SALTMED model
Fig. 6 Relationships between the measured and predicted (a) wheat yield and (b) dry matter
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