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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2022, Vol. 14 Issue (6): 691-703    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-022-0096-7
Research article     
Dependency of litter decomposition on litter quality, climate change, and grassland type in the alpine grassland of Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China
SU Yuan1,*(), GONG Yanming2, HAN Wenxuan2,3, LI Kaihui2,4,*(), LIU Xuejun2,3
1College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
2State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
3Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
4Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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Abstract  

Litter decomposition is an important component of the nutrient recycling process and is highly sensitive to climate change. However, the impacts of warming and increased precipitation on litter decomposition have not been well studied, especially in the alpine grassland of Tianshan Mountains. We conducted a manipulative warming and increased precipitation experiment combined with different grassland types to examine the impact of litter quality and climate change on the litter decomposition rate based on three dominant species (Astragalus mongholicus, Potentilla anserina, and Festuca ovina) in Tianshan Mountains from 2019 to 2021. The results of this study indicated there were significant differences in litter quality, specific leaf area, and leaf dry matter content. In addition, litter quality exerted significant effects on litter decomposition, and the litter decomposition rate varied in different grassland types. Increased precipitation significantly accelerated the litter decomposition of P. anserina; however, it had no significant effect on the litter decomposition of A. mongholicus and F. ovina. However, warming consistently decreased the litter decomposition rate, with the strongest impact on the litter decomposition of F. ovina. There was a significant interaction between increased precipitation and litter type, but there was no significant interaction between warming and litter type. These results indicated that warming and increased precipitation significantly influenced litter decomposition; however, the strength was dependent on litter quality. In addition, soil water content played a crucial role in regulating litter decomposition in different grassland types. Moreover, we found that the litter decomposition rate exhibited a hump-shaped or linear response to the increase of soil water content. Our study emphasizes that ongoing climate change significantly altered litter decomposition in the alpine grassland, which is of great significance for understanding the nutrient supply and turnover of litter.

Key words： litter decomposition rate      litter quality      warming      increased precipitation      grassland type      Tianshan Mountains     
Received: 15 March 2022      Published: 30 June 2022
Corresponding Authors: * SU Yuan (E-mail: suyuan@ms.xjb.ac.cn);LI Kaihui (E-mail: likh@ms.xjb.ac.cn)
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SU Yuan, GONG Yanming, HAN Wenxuan, LI Kaihui, LIU Xuejun. Dependency of litter decomposition on litter quality, climate change, and grassland type in the alpine grassland of Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2022, 14(6): 691-703.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-022-0096-7     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2022/V14/I6/691

Wetland Alpine meadow Alpine meadow steppe Alpine steppe (Site 1) Alpine steppe (Site 2) Alpine steppe (Site 3)
STC (mg/g) 167.99±2.07a 136.91±3.23b 69.29±0.31c 45.47±1.27d 49.17±1.16d 47.45±2.24d
STN (mg/g) 8.42±1.27a 8.46±0.41a 4.99±0.24b 4.30±0.11b 3.98±0.36b 4.15±0.47b
STP (mg/g) 1.21±0.06a 0.82±0.01b 0.70±0.08c 0.81±0.10b 0.94±0.12b 0.88±0.09b
Soil pH 7.67±0.02c 6.86±0.01d 7.87±0.04b 7.99±0.03a 7.85±0.13a 7.88±0.19a
SWC (%) 79.67±3.80a 56.17±2.41b 35.17±0.60c 15.67±0.88d 3.41±0.57f 5.52±0.39e
Table 1 Soil properties in different grassland types
Fig. 1 Initial litter quality of Astragalus mongholicus, Potentilla anserina, and Festuca ovina. (a), litter total carbon (litter C); (b), litter total nitrogen (litter N); (c), litter total phosphorus (litter P); (d), C:N ratio; (e), C:P ratio; (f), N:P ratio; (g), specific leaf area (SLA); (h), leaf dry matter content (LDMC); (i), lignin; (j), cellulose; (k), hemicellulose; (l), the ratio of lignin to litter N. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among species. Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 2 Rate of litter remaining of A. mongholicus (a), P. anserine (b), and F. ovina (c) in different grassland types at 0, 8, 10, 12, 20, and 24 months after the litterbags deployment
Fig. 3 Litter decomposition rate of A. mongholicus, P. anserina, and F. ovina in different grassland types. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three species in the same grassland (P<0.01), and different capital letters indicate significant differences among grassland types for the same species (P<0.01). Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 4 Effect of soil water content (SWC) on the litter decomposition rate of A. mongholicus (a), P. anserina (b), and F. ovina (c). Bars mean standard errors.
Fig. 5 Rate of litter remaining of A. mongholicus (a), P. anserine (b), and F. ovina (c) under different trearments at 0, 8, 10, 12, 20, and 24 months after the litterbags deployment
Fig. 6 Effects of different treatments on the litter decomposition rate of A. mongholicus, P. anserina, and F. ovina. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among the three species under the same treatment (P<0.01), and different capital letters indicate significant differences among treatments for the same species (P<0.01). Bars mean standard errors.
Grassland type Dominant species Altitude (m) Longitude Latitude Species richness Aboveground biomass (g/m2)
Wetland Carex stenocarpa 3260 83º42′11″E 42º52′48″N 11.8±1.0 65.7±12.8
Alpine meadow Carex stenocarpa and Kobresia capillifolia 3160 83º35′34″E 42º53′24″N 12.1±2.4 103.3±18.2
Alpine meadow steppe Carex stenocarpa and Kobresia capillifolia 2960 83º22′18″E 42º54′21″N 9.5±1.5 59.5±10.1
Alpine steppe (Site 1) Festuca ovina 2460 83º02′36″E 42º54′57″N 8.5±1.5 65.2±20.2
Alpine steppe (Site 2) Festuca ovina 2560 83º03′12″E 42º54′27″N 7.8±1.3 52.5±17.6
Alpine steppe (Site 3) Festuca ovina 2660 83º06′43″E 42º54′28″N 8.7±1.2 48.4±10.1
Table S1 Characteristics of different grassland types in this study
Treatment Treatment intensity Effect Grassland type Precipitation
(mm)		 Reference
Open-top chamber 2.00°C - Alpine grassland 300 Hong et al. (2021)
Open-top chamber 2.50°C - Semiarid shrubland 358 Prieto et al. (2019)
Open-top chamber No data - Semiarid grassland 425 Li et al. (2021)
Infrared heater 0.00°C-4.00°C + Alpine grassland 406 Lv et al. (2020)
Infrared heating 1.20°C-1.70°C + Alpine grassland 500 Luo et al. (2010)
Wave heater 1.50°C-1.80°C -/no Alpine grassland 489 Liu et al. (2020)
Open-top chamber 1.00°C-2.00°C - Dry tundra No data Christiansen et al. (2017)
Open-top chamber 2.00°C no Wet grassland 561 Yu et al. (2019)
Open-top chamber 1.00°C-2.00°C no Alpine grassland 593 Shu et al. (2019)
Open-top chamber 1.20°C-1.30°C + Subalpine forest 801 Xu et al. (2015)
Open-top chamber 1.10°C - Arid alpine system 327-456 Brigham et al. (2018)
Open-top chamber 3.20°C +/no Subalpine forest 801 Xu et al. (2012)
Infrared heat 2.50°C no Dry grassland 241 Chuckran et al. (2020)
Reduced precipitation 30% total annual precipitation - Semiarid shrubland 358 Prieto et al. (2019)
Reduced precipitation No data -/no Temperate grassland 654-787 Schuster et al. (2016)
Enhanced precipitation 30% total annual precipitation no Desert grassland 70-150 Zhao et al. (2013)
Enhanced precipitation 50% total annual precipitation + Alpine grassland 489 Liu et al. (2020)
Enhanced precipitation 30% total annual precipitation +/no Typical grassland 385 Liu et al. (2006)
Enhanced precipitation 50% total annual precipitation +/no Typical grassland 379 Wang et al. (2017)
Enhanced precipitation 50%-100% total annual precipitation + Alpine grassland 406 Lv et al. (2020)
Table S2 Summary of the effects of warming and increased precipitation on litter decomposition from field experiments in different grassland types
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