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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2020, Vol. 12 Issue (1): 130-143    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-019-0018-5
Research article     
Profiling soil free-living nematodes in the Namib Desert, Namibia
Eugene MARAIS1, Gillian MAGGS-KÖLLING1, Chen SHERMAN2, Tirza DONIGER2, LIU Rentao3, Binu M TRIPATHI4, Yosef STEINBERGER2,*()
1 Gobabeb Research and Training Centre, Walvis Bay, Gobabeb 953, Namibia
2 The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel;
3 Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
4 Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
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Abstract  

Functional structure and diversity of soil free-living nematodes in a desert environment depend on plant gender and sampling site. The objective of this study was to compare the composition, abundance and tropic group of soil free-living nematodes in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer under the male and female Acanthosicyos horridus Welw. ex Hook. f. plants and in the inter-shrub open areas (control) in the Namib Desert, Namibia in April 2015. Soil moisture, organic matter (OM) and pH was also analyzed. Free-living nematodes were extracted from 100 g soil using the Baermann funnel procedure, and total number of nematodes was counted under a microscope. Community composition and diversity of soil free-living nematodes were analyzed using 18S rDNA sequences. Results indicated that a total of 67 groups, including 64 species, 2 genera and 1 family were identified. Feeding behavior of 58 species were identified as follows: 15 bacteria-feeding species, 12 fungi-feeding species, 10 plant-parasite species, 5 omnivorous-predator species, 8 animal-parasite species, 5 invertebrate-parasite species and 3 non-free-living nematodes, known as marine species. Moreover, soil free-living nematodes were found to be affected by sampling locations and plant gender, and community composition and density of these nematodes were strongly influenced by soil OM content. Result confirmed that spatial location and plant cover were main factors influencing the diversity of soil free-living nematodes. Moreover, molecular tools were found to be very useful in defining the richness of soil non-free-living nematodes. In conclusion, the results elucidated the importance of biotic variables in determining the composition and abundance of soil free-living nematodes in the Namib Desert, Namibia.

Key words： plant gender      plant cover      nematodes      trophic group      diversity      18S rDNA     
Received: 27 June 2018      Published: 10 February 2020
Corresponding Authors:
About author: *Corresponding author: Yosef STEINBERGER (E-mail: yosef.steinberger@biu.ac.il)
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MARAIS Eugene
MAGGS-KÖLLING Gillian
SHERMAN Chen
DONIGER Tirza
Rentao LIU
M TRIPATHI Binu
STEINBERGER Yosef
Cite this article:

Eugene MARAIS, Gillian MAGGS-KÖLLING, Chen SHERMAN, Tirza DONIGER, LIU Rentao, Binu M TRIPATHI, Yosef STEINBERGER. Profiling soil free-living nematodes in the Namib Desert, Namibia. Journal of Arid Land, 2020, 12(1): 130-143.

URL:

http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-019-0018-5     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2020/V12/I1/130

Site Location SM (%) OM (%) BD (g/cm3) WHC (%)
Delta Cont. 0.29±0.06a 0.22±0.05b 1.54±0.02a 0.22±0.005c
Fem. 0.21±0.10a 0.35±0.07a 1.38±0.02b 0.26±0.01b
Male 0.22±0.22a 0.44±0.03a 1.31±0.03c 0.28±0.01a
Mean 0.24±0.13B 0.33±0.10B 1.41±0.10B 0.25±0.02A
Gobabeb Cont. 0.24±0.04a 0.53±0.02a 1.51±0.02a 0.21±0.005b
Fem. 0.21±0.09a 0.45±0.04a 1.51±0.04a 0.23±0.01ab
Male 0.38±0.14a 0.65±0.05a 1.49±0.02a 0.24±0.01a
Mean 0.26±0.10B 0.52±0.08A 1.46±0.14A 0.22±0.01B
Far East (FE)
sand dunes		 Cont. 0.53±0.12a 0.26±0.18a 1.41±0.03a 0.26±0.01a
Fem. 0.47±0.11a 0.23±0.04a 1.40±0.02a 0.26±0.005a
Male 0.46±0.05a 0.29±0.02a 1.36±0.03a 0.27±0.01a
Mean 0.49±0.09A 0.26±0.10B 1.39±0.03B 0.26±0.01A
Table 1 ANOVA results for soil physical-chemical characteristics at different sites and locations
Fig. 1 Density of soil free-living nematodes at different sites (Delta, Gobabeb and Far East (FE) sand dunes) and locations. Fem., female A. horridus plants; Cont., control (inter-shrub open areas). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among three locations at P<0.05 level.
Fig. 2 Relative abundances of metazoa, fungi, algae and protista groups at different sites and locations based on 18S rDNA sequences. Fem., female A. horridus plants; Cont., control (inter-shrub open areas).
Location Delta (%) Gobabeb (%) Far East sand dunes (%)
Male 17 50 0
Female 33 0 13
Control 33 0 37
Male and female 0 0 37
Male and control 0 25 0
Female and control 0 13 13
Male, female and control 17 13 0
Table 2 Percentages of soil free-living nematodes at different sites and locations, and overlap percentage among plant gender and control locations
Nematode species Delta Gobabeb Far East sand dunes Trophic
group
Cont. Fem. Male Cont. Fem. Male Cont. Fem. Male
Ditylenchus destructor _ _ + FF
Number of species _ _ 1
Acrobeles ciliatus + _ + BF
Amblydorylaimus isokaryon _ _ + OP
Anisakis simplex _ _ +++ AP
Aphelenchoides (genus) _ _ + FF
Aphelenchoides sp. US02 _ + + FF
Brugia timori _ _ +++ TM
Bursaphelenchus abruptus _ _ + FF
Caenorhabditis elegans _ _ + BF
Cephalobus cubaensis _ _ + BF
Cooperia oncophora _ _ + AP
Echinocephalus overstreeti _ _ ++
Enchodelus longispiculus _ _ + PF
Enterobius vermicularis _ _ + AP
Fergusobia sp. 281 _ _ + FF
Fergusobia sp. 469 _ _ + FF
Halalaimus sp. TCR26 _ _ + MS
Halalaimus sp. TCR93 _ _ + MS
Isolaimium multistriatum _ _ + MS
Krefftascaris sharpiloi _ _ + AP
Longidorus jonesi _ + +++ PP
Meloidogyne javanica _ _ + PP
Meloidogyne sp. Pak.P.R.m2 _ _ + PP
Meloidogyne sp. VO-2014 _ _ +





 PP
Panagrolaimidae sp. NK-2011b _ _ + BF
Parastrongyloides trichosuri _ + +++ OP, AP
Passalurus ambiguus _ _ +++ OP
Pseudhalenchus minutus _ _ +
Rhyssocolpus paradoxus _ + OP
Rhyssocolpus vinciguerrae _ _ + OP
Robustodorus megadorus _ _ +
Romanomermis culicivorax + + +
Schistonchus caprifici _ _ + PP
Steinernema feltiae _ _ + PI
Steinernema sp. T51 _ _ + PI
Syphacia muris _ _ +
Tricoma sp. 2 CYC-2009 _ _ +
Trophotylenchulus sp. TSH-2009 _ _ +
Xiphinema krugi _ _ ++
Xiphinema setariae _ _ +++ PP
Number of species 2 5 39 PP
Ditylenchus sp. 5 JH-2014 _ + _ FF
Number of species 0 1 0
Acrobeles sp. _ + + + _ + _ + + BF
To be continued
Continued
Nematode species Delta Gobabeb Far East sand dunes Trophic
group
Cont. Fem. Male Cont. Fem. Male Cont. Fem. Male
Acrobeles sp. MA-2012 + + + + + + + _ + BF
Acrobeloides cf. buetschlii 1 JH-2012 +++ +++ - + - ++ + + + BF
Acrobeloides maximus +++ +++ + +++ _ +++ _ + ++ BF
Aphelenchus avenae _ + _ _ _ + _ + ++ FF
Aporcelaimellus sp. JH-2004 + + + ++ +++ + + + +
Bursaphelenchus anatolius _ + _ _ + ++ _ + + FF
Bursaphelenchus penai + + _ + + + _ + + FF
Cephalobidae (family) + ++ _ +++ +++ +++ + +++ +++ BF
Cylicostephanus goldi + _ _ + + + +++ _ + AP
Deladenus proximus _ + _ + + +++ _ + + PW
Haemonchus placei ++ + + +++ +++ +++ +++ + + PPR
Hexamermis albicans + + + + + + + _ _ EA
Hexatylus sp. 1 JH-2014 _ + _ + + + _ + + FF
Malenchus pressulus _ + + _ + + _ + + PPR
Meloidogyne incognita _ _ + _ _ + _ + + PP
Panagrolaimus paetzoldi _ _ + _ _ ++ _ + + BF
Panagrolaimus sp. AS01 + +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ + +++ +++ BF
Panagrolaimus sp. AS03 + +++ +++ _ _ + _ + + BF
Panagrolaimus sp. SN103 _ + ++ + + + _ + + BF
Paratylenchus goldeni PP +++ +++ + +++ + +++ + ++ ++ PP
Paratylenchus labiosus _ + _ _ _ + _ + + PP
Turbatrix aceti _ _ + + + + _ + + AP
Tylenchulus semipenetrans + ++ + + + + _ + + FF
Uncultured Rhabdolaimus (genus) + _ + ++ + +++ +++ + + BF
Number of species 14 20 16 20 18 25 10 22 24
Total number of species 14 20 17 22 23 64 10 23 24
Table 3 Taxa and trophic groups of soil free-living nematodes using 18S rDNA sequences and BLAST similarity analysis at different sites and locations
Species/genus Family Habitat Reference
Alaninema Aphrophridae Intestinal parasites in slugs Ivanova et al. (2013)
Amblydorylamus Dorylaimidae Nematode from Antarctica Elshishka et al. (2015)
Brugia-B. malayi Filariidae Present only in Southeast Asia Triteeraprapab et al. (2001)
Bursaphelenchus Parasitaphelenchidae Obligate mycrophages Ryss et al. (2005)
Cooperia Cooperiidae Intestinal parasites in cattle Dorny et al. (1997)
Cylicostephanus-C. goldi Strongylidae Intestinal parasites of horses Bucknell et al. (1995)
Deladnus Neotylenchidae Parasitic nematodes Bedding (2009)
Deladenus siricidicola Neotylenchidae Biological control agent of woodwasp Bedding (2009)
Dicelis Drilonematoidea Parasitic earthworm Spiridonov (1992)
Drasico nemoralis Endemic earthworm from far East Russia Ivanova et al. (2014)
Enerobius Oxyuridae Intestinal parasite in humans Brown (2006)
Epsilonema Epsilonematidae Marine species Gourbault and Decraemer (1994)
Eubosrichus Desmodoridae Marine species Polz et al. (1999)
Gongylongema Gongylonematidae Bird and mammal parasites Soulsby (1982)
Greeffiella Desmoscolecoidea Free-living marine nematode Abolafia and Pena-Santiago (2016)
Haemonchus Trichostronylidae Pathogenic nematodes of ruminants Fleming et al. (2006)
Halalaimus Oxystominidae Marine species Turpeenniemi (1998)
Halomonhystera Monhysteridae Marine species Tchesunov et al. (2015)
Table 4 Family and habitat of these species of soil free-living nematodes in this study
Fig. 3 Relative abundance of genera of soil free-living nematodes using 18S rDNA sequences and BLAST similarity analysis at three sites and locations
Fig. 4 Venn diagram showing similarity and dissimilarity of soil free-living nematodes at each locations and possible relationship in plant gender. Number of 0-4 means groups of soil free-living nematodes at the phylum level.
Type Variable Initial conditional effect MCR (%) F P
Sampling site OM 0.09 9 2.78 0.034*
WHC 0.08 8 2.23 0.086
Cond 0.08 8 2.23 0.078
pH 0.07 7 2.20 0.114
SM 0.01 1 0.35 0.824
Total 33
Plant gender OM 0.09 9 2.78 0.028*
WHC 0.08 8 2.23 0.092
Cond 0.08 8 2.23 0.092
pH 0.07 7 2.20 0.104
SM 0.01 1 0.35 0.770
Total 33
Table 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) of environmental variables based on sampling site and plant gender
Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis (RDA) elucidating effects of sampling sites (D, Delta; E, Far East sand dunes; G, Gobabeb) on soil free-living nematodes. The number 1-23 means the replicates for sampling sites.
Fig. 6 Redundancy analysis (RDA) elucidating effects of plant gender and control (F, female; M, male; C, control) on soil free-living nematodes. The number 1-23 means the replicates for plant gender and control.
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