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Journal of Arid Land
Journal of Arid Land  2021, Vol. 13 Issue (12): 1230-1243    DOI: 10.1007/s40333-021-0087-0     CSTR: 32276.14.s40333-021-0087-0
Original article     
Characterizing the spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and aridity index in mid-western China from 2001 to 2016
MU Le, LU Yixiao, LIU Minguo, YANG Huimin(), FENG Qisheng()
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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Abstract  

Mid-western China is one of the most sensitive and fragile areas on the Earth. Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key part of hydrological cycle in these areas and is affected by both global climate change and human activities. The dynamic changes in ET and potential evapotranspiration (PET), which can reflect water consumption and demand, are still unclear, and there is a lack of predictive capacity on drought severity. In this study, we used global MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) terrestrial ET (MOD16) products, Morlet wavelet analysis, and simple linear regression to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of ET, PET, reference ET (ET0), and aridity index (AI) in mid-western pastoral regions of China (including Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) from 2001 to 2016. The results showed that the overall ET gradually increased from east to southwest in the study area. Actual ET showed an increasing trend, whereas PET tended to decrease from 2001 to 2016. The change in ET was affected by vegetation types. During the study period, the average annual ET0 and AI tended to decrease. At the monthly scale within a year, AI value decreased from January to July and then increased. The interannual variations of ET0 and AI showed periodicity with a main period of 14 a, and two other periodicities of 11 and 5 a. This study showed that in recent years, drought in these pastoral regions of mid-western China has been alleviated. Therefore, it is foreseeable that the demand for irrigation water for agricultural production in these regions will decrease.

Key words： evapotranspiration      aridity index      climate change      human activities      vegetation cover      arid areas     
Received: 23 January 2021      Published: 10 December 2021
Corresponding Authors: *YANG Huimin (E-mail: huimyang@lzu.edu.cn);
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MU Le
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MU Le, LU Yixiao, LIU Minguo, YANG Huimin, FENG Qisheng. Characterizing the spatiotemporal variations of evapotranspiration and aridity index in mid-western China from 2001 to 2016. Journal of Arid Land, 2021, 13(12): 1230-1243.

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http://jal.xjegi.com/10.1007/s40333-021-0087-0     OR     http://jal.xjegi.com/Y2021/V13/I12/1230

Fig. 1 Distribution of vegetation types and location of meteorological stations in the study area
Fig. 2 Relationships between potential evapotranspiration (PET) calculated from the MOD16 products and evapotranspiration (ET) observed from meteorological stations along a chronosequence (a) and among sites (b) in mid-western China. The data from 192 time points and 94 meteorological stations were used to analyze the relationship between PET calculated from the MOD16 products and ET observed from meteorological stations from 2001 to 2016.
Fig. 3 Spatial variations of ET (a) and PET (b) as well as spatial variations of slopes of ET (c) and PET (d) in mid-western China. Note that due to the restriction of the MOD16 products, ET in areas without vegetation such as deserts was not calculated and these areas appeared to be blank (white).
Fig. 4 Average annual variations of ET and PET in mid-western China (a) as well as in the pastoral regions of Gansu (b), midwestern Inner Mongolia (c), Ningxia (d), and Qinghai (e) during 2001-2016
Fig. 5 Average monthly ET and PET changes in mid-western China (a) as well as in the pastoral regions of Gansu (b), midwestern Inner Mongolia (c), Ningxia (d), and Qinghai (e) during 2001-2016
Fig. 6 Interannual variations (a) and monthly changes (b) of ET in different vegetation types in mid-western China
Fig. 7 Interannual variations (a) and monthly changes (b) of average reference evapotranspiration (ET0), precipitation, and arid index (AI) in mid-western China
Fig. 8 Morlet wavelet analysis of periodic features of average ET0 (a, b) and AI (c, d) in mid-western China
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